Title: Eating and Sleep Disorders
Course: Question bank check

Q: When ________ drop(s), the pancreas and liver generate a number of chemical signals that induce hunger and thus initiates feeding behavior.
- body weight (Incorrect. A drop in body weight is not a signal inducing hunger.)
- satiation (Incorrect. Satiation is a feeling of fullness and satisfaction.)
- leptin (Incorrect. Leptin is a satiety hormone that is released when food passes through the gastrointestinal tract.)
- blood glucose levels (Correct! When blood glucose levels drop, the pancreas and liver generate a number of chemical signals that induce hunger and thus initiates feeding behavior.)
A: blood glucose levels

Q: An adult with a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 29.9 is considered
- underweight. (Incorrect. A BMI under 18.5 is considered underweight.)
- obese. (Incorrect. An adult with a BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese.)
- morbidly obese. (Incorrect. Morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI over 40.)
- overweight. (Correct! An adult with a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 29.9 is considered overweight.)
A: overweight.

Q: Although there is tremendous individual variability, a person’s ________ is the amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time.
- set point theory (Incorrect. Set point theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, which is resistant to change.)
- blood glucose level (Incorrect. When blood glucose levels drop, the pancreas and liver generate a number of chemical signals that induce hunger.)
- satiation (Incorrect. Satiation is a feeling of fullness and satisfaction.)
- metabolic rate (Correct! Although there is tremendous individual variability, a person’s metabolic rate is the amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time.)
A: metabolic rate

Q: Individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa often have a distorted body image, known as a type of ________, meaning that they view themselves as overweight even though they are not.
- body mass index (Incorrect. Body mass index is a measure of a person’s height and weight to categorize a person as underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese.)
- metabolic rate (Incorrect. Metabolic rate is the amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time.)
- neuroendocrine dysregulation (Incorrect. Neuroendocrine dysregulation, an altered signaling of peptides, may contribute to the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa, but is not distorted body image.)
- body dysmorphia (Correct! Individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa often have a distorted body image, known as a type of body dysmorphia, meaning that they view themselves as overweight even though they are not.)
A: body dysmorphia

Q: Which mental disorder has the highest mortality rate?
- bipolar disorder (Incorrect. While bipolar disorder is concerning, it does not have the highest mortality rate.)
- post-traumatic stress disorder (Incorrect. While post-traumatic stress disorder is concerning, it does not have the highest mortality rate.)
- major depressive disorder (Incorrect. While major depressive disorder is concerning, it does not have the highest mortality rate.)
- anorexia nervosa (Correct! Anorexia nervosa has the highest mortality rate of any mental disorder.)
A: anorexia nervosa

Q: Anorexia nervosa has many contributing factors, is a multifaceted mental health illness, and is more likely to occur during
- obstetrical complications. (Incorrect. Obstetric complications are the prenatal and perinatal complications that may factor into the development of anorexia nervosa, such as preterm birth, maternal anemia, diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, placental infarction, and neonatal heart abnormalities.)
- late adulthood. (Anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder, but it is not more likely to occur during late adulthood.)
- childhood. (Incorrect. Early theories of the cause of anorexia linked it to childhood sexual abuse or dysfunctional families; the evidence is conflicting and additional, well-designed research is needed.)
- puberty. (Correct! Anorexia nervosa has many contributing factors, is a multifaceted mental health illness, and is more likely to occur during puberty.)
A: puberty.

Q: If an adult patient has lost 15% of their set point body weight, it is recommended that they participate in
- media exposure. (Incorrect. Persistent exposure to media that presents body ideals may constitute a risk factor for body dissatisfaction and anorexia nervosa.)
- nutritional support. (Incorrect. Patients with anorexia nervosa require and benefit from multidisciplinary approach to treatment, involving nutritional support, psychological counseling, and behavioral modification, but nutritional support is not enough for an adult patient who has lost 15% of set point body weight.)
- alternating meal times. (Incorrect. Patients with anorexia nervosa require and benefit from multidisciplinary approach to treatment, involving nutritional support, psychological counseling, and behavioral modification, more than alternating meal times.)
- inpatient treatment or a highly structured outpatient program. (Correct! If an adult patient has lost 15% of their set point body weight, it is recommended that they participate in inpatient treatment or a highly structured outpatient program.)
A: inpatient treatment or a highly structured outpatient program.

Q: Once patients gain enough weight to benefit from psychotherapy and behavioral interventions, the goal of treatment shifts from medical stabilization and gaining weight to
- genetic testing. (Incorrect. Genetic testing is helpful for research, but is not a goal for patients with anorexia nervosa.)
- a review of obstetric complications. (Incorrect. Obstetric complications may factor into the development of anorexia nervosa,but is not a goal after treatment.)
- increasing exercise routines. (Incorrect. Increasing an exercise routine is not a goal after treatment shifts from medical stabilization.)
- learning how to recognize their distorted thinking about food. (Correct! Once patients gain enough weight to benefit from psychotherapy and behavioral interventions, the goal of treatment shifts from medical stabilization and gaining weight to learning how to recognize their distorted thinking about food.)
A: learning how to recognize their distorted thinking about food.

Q: This effective, family-oriented therapy for people suffering from anorexia or other eating disorders guides the family through their recovery and has three phases to help the person with anorexia recover: weight restoration, return of control to the adolescent, and then establishing a healthy identity.
- dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) (Incorrect. DBT may be incorporated into therapy with her family, but alone does not guide the family through their recovery and has three phases to help the person with anorexia recover: weight restoration, return of control to the adolescent, and then establishing a healthy identity.)
- cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) (Incorrect. CBT may be incorporated into therapy with her family, but alone does not guide the family through their recovery and has three phases to help the person with anorexia recover: weight restoration, return of control to the adolescent, and then establishing a healthy identity.)
- medication (Incorrect. Medication may help stabilize a patient, but alone does not guide the family through their recovery and has three phases to help the person with anorexia recover: weight restoration, return of control to the adolescent, and then establishing a healthy identity.)
- Maudsley method (Correct! The Maudsley method is an effective, family-oriented therapy for people suffering from anorexia or other eating disorders guides the family through their recovery and has three phases to help the person with anorexia recover: weight restoration, return of control to the adolescent, and then establishing a healthy identity.)
A: Maudsley method

Q: People with bulimia nervosa often suffer from ________, and are at an increased risk for substance abuse.
- major depressive disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder (Incorrect. Major depressive disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder are not the two disorders people with bulimia nervosa most often suffer from.)
- cyclothymic disorder and bipolar disorder (Incorrect. Cyclothymic disorder and bipolar disorder are not the two disorders people with bulimia nervosa most often suffer from.)
- anxiety and post-traumatic disorder (Incorrect. Anxiety and post-traumatic disorder are not the two disorders people with bulimia nervosa most often suffer from.)
- anxiety and depression (Correct! People with bulimia nervosa often suffer from anxiety and depression and are at an increased risk for substance abuse.)
A: anxiety and depression

Q: Purging food by inducing vomiting or through the use of laxatives are two common compensatory behaviors used by people suffering from which disorder?
- anorexia nervosa (Incorrect. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by the maintenance of a body weight well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise.)
- binge eating (Incorrect. Binge eating disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating that are not combined with compensatory methods to avoid weight gain. Thus, the majority of BED cases are overweight or obese.)
- avoidant food intake disorder (Incorrect. Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) is an eating or feeding disturbance associated with an apparent lack of interest in eating or food.)
- bulimia nervosa (Correct! Purging food by inducing vomiting or through the use of laxatives are two common compensatory behaviors used by people suffering from bulimia nervosa.)
A: bulimia nervosa

Q: Symptoms of this disorder include a chronically inflamed and sore throat, worn tooth enamel, severe dehydration from purging of fluids, and/or electrolyte imbalance.
- anorexia nervosa (Incorrect. Symptoms of anorexia nervosa include extremely restricted eating, extreme thinness, a relentless pursuit of thinness, or a distorted body image.)
- binge eating (Incorrect. Symptoms of binge eating include eating much faster than normal, eating until feeling uncomfortably full, over-consuming large amounts of food in a short amount of time, and is not regularly followed by activities intended to prevent weight gain)
- avoidant food intake disorder (Incorrect. Symptoms of avoidant food intake disorder include substantial weight loss, a lack of interest in consuming food, and food associated with fear-evoking stimuli.)
- bulimia nervosa (Correct! Symptoms of bulimia nervosa include a chronically inflamed and sore throat, worn tooth enamel, severe dehydration from purging of fluids, and/or electrolyte imbalance.)
A: bulimia nervosa

Q: Which is the most prevalent eating disorder, affecting approximately 2.8% of females and 1% of males?
- anorexia nervosa (Incorrect. Approximately 0.3–0.2% of young women and 0.1–0.3% of males have anorexia.)
- bulimia (Incorrect. The rates of bulimia have remained stable at 1% for women and 0.5 for men.)
- avoidant food intake disorder (Incorrect. It is difficult to diagnose ARFID; therefore, prevalence and incidence rates are not clear.)
- binge eating disorder (Correct! Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most prevalent eating disorder, affecting approximately 2.8% of females and 1% of males.)
A: binge eating disorder

Q: This disorder is not regularly followed by activities intended to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting, laxative or enema misuse, or strenuous exercise.
- anorexia disorder (Incorrect. People with anorexia have disordered eating behaviors, restrict the amount of food consumed, exercise excessively, may force themselves to vomit, or may use laxatives to lose weight.)
- bulimia (Incorrect. People with Bulimia engage in two behaviors, binging food and then purging the food through compensatory behaviors like vomiting, laxatives, and excessive exercise.)
- avoidant food intake disorder (Incorrect. People with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is an eating or feeding disturbance associated with an apparent lack of interest in eating or food. Most people with ARFID will still maintain a healthy or typical body weight. There are no specific outward appearances associated with ARFID.)
- binge eating (Correct! Binge eating episodes are not regularly followed by activities intended to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting, laxative or enema misuse, or strenuous exercise.)
A: binge eating

Q: Individuals with this eating disorder often have characteristics including obesity, depression, low-self esteem, stress, or boredom.
- bulimia (Incorrect. People with bulimia engage in two behaviors, binging food and then purging the food through compensatory behaviors like vomiting, laxatives, and excessive exercise.)
- anorexia nervosa (Incorrect. People with anorexia have disordered eating behaviors and restrict the amount of food consumed, exercise excessively, and may force themselves to vomit or use laxatives to lose weight.)
- avoidant food intake disorder (Incorrect. Most people with ARFID will still maintain a healthy or typical body weight. There are no specific outward appearances associated with ARFID.)
- binge eating (Correct! Individuals with BED often have obesity, depression, low-self esteem, stress, or boredom.)
A: binge eating

Q: Individuals with this disorder have a significant disturbance in eating or feeding, associated with an apparent lack of interest in eating or food.
- anorexia nervosa (Incorrect. Individuals with anorexia have disordered eating behaviors and restrict the amount of food consumed, exercise excessively, and may force themselves to vomit or use laxatives to lose weight.)
- binge eating (Incorrect. Individuals with BED often have obesity, depression, low-self esteem, stress, or boredom.)
- bulimia (Incorrect. Individuals with bulimia engage in two behaviors, binging food and then purging the food through compensatory behaviors like vomiting, laxatives, and excessive exercise.)
- avoidant/restrictive food intake (Correct! Individuals with ARFID have a significant disturbance in eating or feeding, associated with an apparent lack of interest in eating or food.)
A: avoidant/restrictive food intake

Q: Although individuals with this disorder may experience physical gastrointestinal reactions to adverse foods such as retching, vomiting, or gagging, most will still maintain a healthy or typical body weight.
- anorexia nervosa (Incorrect. Symptoms for anorexia nervosa include, but are not limited to, extreme thinness, relentless pursuit of thinness, an intense fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image.)
- bulimia (Incorrect. People suffering from bulimia nervosa engage in binge-eating behavior that is followed by purging or using laxatives to compensate for a large amount of consumed food.)
- binge eating (Incorrect. BED is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating that are not combined with compensatory methods to avoid weight gain. Thus, the majority of BED cases are overweight or obese.)
- avoidant/restrictive food intake (Correct! Although individuals with ARFID may experience physical gastrointestinal reactions to adverse foods such as retching, vomiting, or gagging, most will still maintain a healthy or typical body weight.)
A: avoidant/restrictive food intake

Q: The courses of treatment for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder are different for adults and children. For adults, the most common form of therapy is CBT. For children, there is a four-stage, in-home treatment protocol with the following stages:
- review, relax, reward, and record. (Incorrect. This is not the correct order of the four-stage, in-home treatment program based on the principles of systematic desensitization.)
- relax, review, reward, and record. (Incorrect. This is not the correct order of the four-stage, in-home treatment program based on the principles of systematic desensitization.)
- Record, review, relax, and reward. (Incorrect. This is not the correct order of the four-stage, in-home treatment program based on the principles of systematic desensitization.)
- record, reward, relax, and review. (Correct! The courses of treatment are different for adults and children. For adults, the most common form of therapy is CBT. For children, there is a four-stage, in-home treatment protocol: record, reward, relax, and review.)
A: record, reward, relax, and review.

Q: This eating disorder is characterized by having the contents of the stomach regurgitated, and either re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out and is not attributed to other gastrointestinal or medical issues.
- avoidant/restrictive food intake (Incorrect. Individuals with ARFID have a significant disturbance in eating or feeding, associated with an apparent lack of interest in eating or food.)
- anorexia nervosa (Incorrect. Individuals with anorexia have disordered eating behaviors and restrict the amount of food consumed, exercise excessively, and may force themselves to vomit or use laxatives to lose weight.)
- bulimia (Incorrect. Individuals with bulimia engage in two behaviors, binging food and then purging the food through compensatory behaviors like vomiting, laxatives, and excessive exercise.)
- rumination (Correct! Rumination is characterized by having the contents of the stomach regurgitated, and either re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out and is not attributed to other gastrointestinal or medical issues.)
A: rumination

Q: This disorder may occur following a viral illness, emotional stress, or physical injury. It is theorized that while the initial stressor improves, an altered sensation in the abdomen persists.
- avoidant/restrictive food intake (Incorrect. Individuals with ARFID have a significant disturbance in eating or feeding, associated with an apparent lack of interest in eating or food.)
- bulimia (Incorrect. Individuals with bulimia engage in two behaviors, binging food and then purging the food through compensatory behaviors like vomiting, laxatives, and excessive exercise.)
- anorexia nervosa (Incorrect. Individuals with anorexia have disordered eating behaviors and restrict the amount of food consumed, exercise excessively, and may force themselves to vomit or use laxatives to lose weight.)
- rumination (Correct! Rumination disorder may occur following a viral illness, emotional stress, or physical injury and it is theorized that while the initial stressor improves, an altered sensation in the abdomen persists.)
A: rumination

Q: What is the main treatment of rumination disorder?
- systematic desensitization with in-home treatment (Incorrect. The four stages to systematically desensitize children with ARFID are record, reward, relaxation, and review.)
- nutritional support, psychological counseling, and behavioral modification (Incorrect. Treatment for anorexia is multi-dimensional and requires many different types of treatment, including nutritional support, psychological counseling, and behavioral modification.)
- medication (Incorrect. Medication could improve malnutrition issues, but would not address the disruptive behaviors associated with rumination disorder.)
- behavioral therapy (Correct! The main treatment of rumination disorder is behavioral therapy. Treatment may involve habitat reversal strategies, relaxation, diaphragmatic breathing, and biofeedback.)
A: behavioral therapy

Q: This disorder is characterized by an appetite for substances that are largely non-nutritive, such as ice, soap, hair, paper, metal, soil, stones, glass, or chalk.
- rumination (Incorrect. Rumination is characterized by having the contents of the stomach regurgitated, and either re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out and is not attributed to other gastrointestinal or medical issues.)
- bulimia (Incorrect. Individuals with bulimia engage in two behaviors, binging food and then purging the food through compensatory behaviors like vomiting, laxatives, and excessive exercise.)
- anorexia nervosa (Incorrect. Individuals with anorexia have disordered eating behaviors and restrict the amount of food consumed, exercise excessively, and may force themselves to vomit or use laxatives to lose weight.)
- pica (Correct! Pica is a psychological disorder characterized by an appetite for substances that are largely non-nutritive, such as ice, soap, hair, paper, metal, soil, stones, glass, or chalk.)
A: pica

Q: According to the DSM-5, which deficiencies are occasionally associated with pica?
- organic (Incorrect. Organic deficiencies are not associated with pica.)
- B12 (Incorrect. B12 is essential for blood formation.)
- vitamin A (Incorrect. Vitamin A deficiencies can cause eye damage.)
- mineral (Correct! According to the DSM-5, mineral deficiencies are occasionally associated with pica.)
A: mineral

Q: This disorder is most commonly seen in pregnant women, small children, vitamin-deficient children, malnourished children, and people with intellectual disabilities.
- avoidant/restrictive food intake (Incorrect. Avoidant/restrictive food intake is not commonly seen in pregnant women, small children, vitamin-deficient children, malnourished children, and people with intellectual disabilities.)
- rumination (Incorrect. Rumination is not commonly seen in pregnant women, small children, vitamin-deficient children, malnourished children, and people with intellectual disabilities.)
- binge eating (Incorrect. Binge eating is not commonly seen in pregnant women, small children, vitamin-deficient children, malnourished children, and people with intellectual disabilities.)
- pica (Correct! Pica is most commonly seen in pregnant women, small children, vitamin deficient children, malnourished children, and people with intellectual disabilities.)
A: pica

Q: This stage of NREM sleep is a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep.
- stage two (Incorrect. In stage two sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation.)
- stage three (Incorrect. Stage three of sleep is often referred to as deep sleep.)
- stage four known as REM (Incorrect. Dreaming typically occurs during the fourth stage of sleep, known as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.)
- stage one (Correct! The first stage of sleep is a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep.)
A: stage one

Q: Sleep-wake cycles seem to be controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another. Which brain area is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?
- pineal gland (Incorrect. The pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system.)
- pituitary gland (Incorrect. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone, during sleep, which plays a role in physical growth and maturation as well as other metabolic processes.)
- hypothalamus (Incorrect. The hypothalamus contains the SCN—the biological clock of the body.)
- pons (Correct! Sleep-wake cycles seem to be controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another. The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.)
A: pons

Q: During which period of sleep does dreaming occur?
- stage one. (Incorrect. The first stage of sleep is a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep.)
- stage two (Incorrect. In stage two sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation.)
- stage three (Incorrect. Stage three of sleep is often referred to as deep sleep.)
- REM (Correct! REM is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs.)
A: REM

Q: People with this disorder have difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep for at least three nights a week for a one-month period.
- narcolepsy (Incorrect. A person with narcolepsy cannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times.)
- parasomnia (Incorrect. Parasomnias include non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders of sleepwalking and sleep terrors, nightmare disorder, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, and restless leg syndrome.)
- insufficient sleep syndrome (Incorrect. Although not classified as a disorder in the DSM-5, insufficient sleep syndrome is a curtailed sleep pattern that has persisted for at least three months for most days of the week, along with complaints of sleepiness during the day.)
- insomnia (Correct! People with insomnia have difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep for at least three nights a week for a one-month period.)
A: insomnia

Q: The major contributing factors to this sleep disorder include age, drug use, exercise, mental health, and bedtime routines.
- narcolepsy (Incorrect. Narcoleptic episodes can be triggered by experiencing emotional arousal or stress.)
- parasomnia (Incorrect. Parasomnia is a group of sleep disorders which include non-rapid eye movement sleep, arousal disorders of sleepwalking and sleep terrors, nightmare disorder, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder.)
- insufficient sleep syndrome (Incorrect. Insufficient sleep syndrome is a curtailed sleep pattern that has persisted for at least three months for most days of the week, along with complaints of sleepiness during the day. Frequently occurring episodes of insufficient sleep are associated with the experience of unfavorable mental and physical well-being. Insufficient sleep is associated with a range of negative health and social outcomes.)
- insomnia (Correct! The major contributing factors to insomnia include age, drug use, exercise, mental health, and bedtime routines.)
A: insomnia

Q: Treatment for this disorder may include limiting use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine), increasing the amount of physical exercise during the day, over-the-counter (OTC) medications, or prescribed sleep medications.
- narcolepsy (Incorrect. Narcolepsy treatment includes psychomotor stimulants, such as amphetamines.)
- hypersomnia (Incorrect. Treatment for hypersomnia is similar to narcolepsy, including medication and changes in behavior and diet.)
- somnambulism (sleepwalking) (Incorrect. Somnambulism has been treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants.)
- insomnia (Correct! Treatment for insomnia may include limiting use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine), increasing the amount of physical exercise during the day, over-the-counter (OTC) medications, or prescribed sleep medications.)
A: insomnia

Q: Nearly all people with narcolepsy who have ________ have extremely low levels of the naturally occurring chemical hypocretin, which promotes wakefulness and regulates REM sleep.
- sight terrors (Incorrect. Night terrors result in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment.)
- somnambulism (Incorrect. During somnambulism, also known as sleepwalking, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile.)
- REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) (Incorrect. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep.)
- cataplexy (Correct! Nearly all people with narcolepsy who have cataplexy have extremely low levels of the naturally occurring chemical hypocretin, which promotes wakefulness and regulates REM sleep.)
A: cataplexy

Q: Although there is no cure for this disorder, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and cataplexy can be controlled in most individuals with medications.
- night terrors (Incorrect. Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors.)
- REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) (Incorrect. Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD.)
- restless leg syndrome (Incorrect. A person with restless leg syndrome has uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. There is a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants.)
- narcolepsy (Correct! Although there is no cure for this disorder, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and cataplexy can be controlled in most individuals with medications.)
A: narcolepsy

Q: Not everyone with ________ can consistently maintain a fully normal state of alertness using currently available medications. Drug therapy should accompany various lifestyle changes, which include taking short naps; maintaining a regular sleep schedule; avoiding caffeine or alcohol before bed; exercising daily; and avoiding large, heavy meals right before bedtime.
- sleep apnea (Incorrect. Sleep apnea is characterized by trouble breathing while sleeping, and not falling asleep frequently during the day.)
- night terrors (Incorrect. Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors.)
- insomnia (Incorrect. Treatment for insomnia includes both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment approaches. Non-pharmacological treatment includes psychotherapy like CBT.)
- narcolepsy (Correct! A few of the lifestyle changes recommended for narcolepsy include taking short naps; maintaining a regular sleep schedule; avoiding caffeine or alcohol before bed; exercising daily; and avoiding large, heavy meals right before bedtime.)
A: narcolepsy

Q: Patients diagnosed with hypersomnolence disorder should avoid
- stimulants such as amphetamine and methylphenidate. (Incorrect. Stimulants such as amphetamine and methylphenidate may be prescribed for hypersomnolence disorder.)
- changes in behavior and diet. (Incorrect. Changes in behavior and diet may offer some relief for people with hypersomnolence disorder.)
- the stimulant modafinil. (Incorrect. The stimulant modafinil may be prescribed for hypersomnolence disorder.)
- alcohol and caffeine. (Correct! Patients diagnosed with hypersomnolence disorder should avoid alcohol and caffeine.)
A: alcohol and caffeine.

Q: This sleep disorder may originate from another sleep disorder, dysfunction of the nervous system, drug or alcohol abuse, other physical problems, or other medical conditions.
- insomnia (Incorrect. The major contributing factors to insomnia include age, drug use, exercise, mental health, and bedtime routines.)
- REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) (Incorrect. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams.)
- parasomnia (Incorrect. Parasomnia is a group of sleep disorders where unwanted, disruptive motor activity or other experiences during sleep play a role in their life.)
- hypersomnia (Correct! Hypersomnia may originate from another sleep disorder, dysfunction of the nervous system, drug or alcohol abuse, other physical problems, or other medical conditions.)
A: hypersomnia

Q: A person with this disorder experiences a pathological state that is characterized by a lack of alertness during waking experiences in the day for at least three months.
- narcolepsy (Incorrect. An individual with narcolepsy falls asleep involuntarily. In addition, a person may experience cataplexy and vivid, dream-like hallucinations.)
- parasomnia (Incorrect. Parasomnia is a group of sleep disorders where unwanted, disruptive motor activity or other experiences during sleep play a role in their life.)
- REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) (Incorrect. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur.)
- hypersomnia (Correct! A person with hypersomnia experiences a pathological state that is characterized by a lack of alertness during waking experiences in the day for at least three months.)
A: hypersomnia

Q: During periods of this sleep disorder, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them.
- night terrors (Incorrect. Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective.)
- nightmare disorder (Incorrect. Nightmare disorder is a sleep disorder characterized by frequent nightmares.)
- narcolepsy (Incorrect. A person with narcolepsy cannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times.)
- somnambulism (Correct! During periods of somnambulism (sleepwalking), sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them.)
A: somnambulism

Q: ________ most often occurs during slow-wave sleep.
- Night terrors (Incorrect. Night terrors occur during the NREM phase of sleep.)
- Nightmare disorders (Incorrect. Nightmare disorders usually occur during the REM stages of sleep.)
- Parasomnias (Incorrect. Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep.)
- Somnambulism (Correct! Somnambulism most often occurs during slow-wave sleep.)
A: Somnambulism

Q: Although individuals suffering from this sleep disorder appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective.
- nightmare disorder (Incorrect. Nightmare disorder is a sleep disorder characterized by frequent nightmares.)
- narcolepsy (Incorrect. A person with narcolepsy cannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times.)
- hypersomnolence disorder (Incorrect. Hypersomnia is a pathological state characterized by a lack of alertness during the waking episodes of the day.)
- night terrors (Correct! Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective.)
A: night terrors

Q: This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease. In fact, this relationship is so robust that some view the presence of this disorder as a potential aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of neurodegenerative diseases.
- somnambulism (Incorrect. Somnambulism has not been linked to neurodegenerative diseases.)
- nightmare disorder (Incorrect. While nightmare disorders are present in 29.9% of psychiatric disorders, it has not been linked to neurodegenerative diseases.)
- restless leg syndrome (Incorrect. Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with chronic kidney disease and diabetes, but not neurodegenerative diseases.)
- REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) (Correct! REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease. In fact, this relationship is so robust that some view the presence of RBD as a potential aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of neurodegenerative diseases.)
A: REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

Q: When the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur, clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat
- restless leg syndrome. (Incorrect. Benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants are used to treat restless leg syndrome.)
- somnambulism. (Incorrect. Somnambulism is treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies, ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants, in addition to addressing breathing problems.)
- night terrors. (Incorrect. Treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors.)
- REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). (Correct! Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD.)
A: REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD).

Q: This disorder occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. Individuals who suffer from this disorder have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams.
- nightmare disorder (Incorrect. Nightmare disorder is a sleep disorder characterized by frequent nightmares.)
- somnambulism (Incorrect. During periods of somnambulism, sleepers often have their eyes open, are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them, and engage in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile.)
- restless leg syndrome (Incorrect. Restless leg syndrome is uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep.)
- REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) (Correct! REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams.)
A: REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

Q: One of the most common treatments for sleep apnea involves
- tracheostomy. (Incorrect. Tracheostomy is a technique that creates a passageway for air to get to the lungs directly from the trachea in the neck.)
- lower jaw advancement. (Incorrect. Maxillomandibular advancement achieves enlargement of the entire upper airway through expansion of the skeletal framework.)
- hyoid advancement. (Incorrect. Hyoid advancement is where the hyoid bone is surgically repositioned anteriorly by placing a suture around it and suspending it to the front of the jaw bone.)
- continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device. (Correct! One of the most common treatments for sleep apnea involves the use of a special device during sleep, a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device.)
A: continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device.

Q: Recommendations to place infants on their backs when put down to sleep and that cribs should not contain any items that pose suffocation threats are to prevent
- sleep apnea. (Incorrect. Sleep apnea is defined by episodes during which a sleeper’s breathing stops, but this question is specific to infants.)
- obstructive sleep apnea. (Incorrect. Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when an individual’s airway becomes blocked during sleep and air is prevented from entering the lungs, but this question is specific to infants.)
- central sleep apnea. (Incorrect. In central sleep apnea, disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing, but this question is specific to infants.)
- sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). (Correct! Recommendations to place infants on their backs when put down to sleep and that cribs should not contain any items that pose suffocation threats are to prevent SIDS.)
A: sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

Q: This disorder is defined by episodes during which a sleeper’s breathing stops. The episodes can last 10–20 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal.
- sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (Incorrect. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is specific to an infant who stops breathing during sleep and dies.)
- narcolepsy (Incorrect. A person with narcolepsy falls asleep involuntarily and may experience cataplexy and vivid, dream-like hallucinations.)
- hypersomnia (Incorrect. A person with hypersomnia experiences a pathological state that is characterized by a lack of alertness during waking experiences in the day for at least three months.)
- sleep apnea (Correct! Sleep apnea is defined by episodes during which a sleeper’s breathing stops. The episodes can last 10–20 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal.)
A: sleep apnea

Q: Which neurotransmitter, known for being involved in depression, has an inhibitory effect on eating behavior?
- dopamine (Incorrect. Dopamine regulates the rewarding property of food.)
- ghrelin (Incorrect. Ghrelin is an appetite-inducing hormone produced in the stomach and the upper portion of the small intestine.)
- neuropeptide Y (Incorrect. Neuropeptide Y is a hormone that encourages eating and decreases metabolic rate.)
- serotonin (Correct! Serotonin is a neurotransmitter, known for being involved in depression, that has an inhibitory effect on eating behavior.)
A: serotonin

Q: Prozac and vyvanse have been approved by the FDA to treat
- anorexia nervosa (Incorrect. Olanzapine has been used off-label to treat anorexia nervosa.)
- psilocybin and ketamine. (Incorrect. Psilocybin and ketamine have been used to treat anorexia nervosa and binge eating disorder)
- psychedelic and psychedelic-adjacent medicines. (Incorrect. Studies are underway to explore psychedelic and psychedelic-adjacent medicines' impact on eating disorders.)
- bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder. (Correct! Prozac and vyvanse have been approved by the FDA to treat bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder.)
A: bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder.

Q: This approach on eating disorders focuses on understanding the unconscious forces and motives that influence the disorder.
- behavioral view (Incorrect. Behavioral theories about eating disorders relate to ways that behavior is learned and reinforced. For example, being praised or rewarded could contribute to the development or maintenance of an eating disorder.)
- cognitive behavioral therapy (Incorrect. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a relatively short-term therapy focusing on the beliefs, values, and cognitive processes that maintain the eating disorder behavior.)
- biological (Incorrect. Biological treatment goals include restoring adequate nutrition, bringing weight to a healthy level, reducing excessive exercise, and stopping binge-purge and binge-eating behaviors.)
- psychodynamic view (Correct! The psychodynamic view on eating disorders focuses on understanding the unconscious forces and motives that influence the disorder.)
A: psychodynamic view

Q: The ________ approach in treating sleep disorders focuses on reframing how people think about sleep and the act of sleeping to provoke change in their thoughts and sleeping habits.
- biological (Incorrect. The biological approach to sleep disorders consists of medical interventions that include surgical, non-surgical, pharmacological, and nonpharmacological treatments.)
- psychodynamic (Incorrect. The psychodynamic approach to sleep disorders emphasizes unconscious psychological processes, including traumatic childhood experiences.)
- behavioral (Incorrect. The behavioral approach to sleep disorders emphasizes changes in stimulus control.)
- cognitive (Correct! The cognitive approach in treating sleep disorders focuses on reframing how people think about sleep and the act of sleeping to provoke change in their thoughts and sleeping habits.)
A: cognitive

Q: Paradoxical intention might consist of
- using CPAP or BiPAP breathing devices in order to stay asleep. (Incorrect. The use of CPAP or BiPAP breathing devices can help, but patients often find the devices frustrating and do not wear them often enough.)
- having a first-degree relative with the same sleep disorder. (Incorrect. People with RBD are more likely to report having a first-degree relative with the same sleep disorder, but is not known as paradoxical intention.)
- using melatonin to fall asleep faster. (Incorrect. Melatonin is useful in helping people to fall asleep faster, but is not known as paradoxical intention.)
- having a person stay awake as long as they can to facilitate sleep. (Correct! Paradoxical intention is one technique that has a patient participate in their most feared behavior, such as staying awake.)
A: having a person stay awake as long as they can to facilitate sleep.

Q: Building an association between the bedroom and sleep by limiting the type of activities allowed in the bedroom is an example of which type of approach to treating sleep disorders?
- psychodynamic approach (Incorrect. Reviewing traumatic childhood experiences and analyzing dreams is the psychodynamic approach to treating sleep disorders.)
- cognitive approach (Incorrect. Reframing how people think about sleep and the act of sleeping to provoke change in their thoughts and sleeping habits is the cognitive approach to treating sleep disorders.)
- biological approach (Incorrect. The biological approach to sleep disorders consists of medical interventions that include surgical, non-surgical, pharmacological, and nonpharmacological treatments.)
- behavioral approach (Correct! Building an association between the bedroom and sleep by limiting the type of activities allowed in the bedroom is an example of the behavioral approach to treating sleep disorders.)
A: behavioral approach

Q: Robert finds he is less effective at work and has trouble focusing on tasks assigned by his supervisor. He shares with his wife that he is feeling more and more tired and just doesn’t understand what is going on with his body. Robert’s wife says, “Now that you say that, I’ve noticed you’ve been snoring more often than usual.” What may Robert be experiencing?
- narcolepsy (Incorrect. People with narcolepsy fall asleep suddenly.)
- REM sleep behavior disorder (Incorrect. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is the sleep disorder where the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur.)
- parasomnia (Incorrect. Parasomnia is the group of sleep disorders where unwanted, disruptive motor activity or other experiences during sleep play a role in their life.)
- sleep apnea (Correct! Sleep apnea is defined by episodes during which a sleeper’s breathing stops and may experience increased levels of fatigue. Many individuals diagnosed with sleep apnea first seek treatment because their sleeping partners indicate that they snore loudly and/or stop breathing for extended periods of time while sleeping.)
A: sleep apnea

Q: Michael hasn’t been sleeping well for several years. His family is concerned because Robert often wakes in the middle of the night kicking and screaming. When his family tries to wake him, he remembers having vivid nightmares which may be impacting his ability to get a good night’s sleep. An overnight sleep study may reveal Robert has
- night terrors. (Incorrect. Night terrors result in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment and occur during NREM sleep. Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective.)
- somnambulism. (Incorrect. In somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile, and sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them.)
- obstructive sleep apnea. (Incorrect. Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when an individual’s airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs.)
- REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). (Correct! Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. These behaviors vary widely, but they can include kicking, punching, scratching, yelling, and behaving like an animal that has been frightened or attacked.)
A: REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD).

Q: Jackson’s family is becoming more and more concerned about his eating habits. Jackson is seven years old, but can’t be left alone in his room because he has started eating away at his mattress. Jackson’s Mom thought he would just outgrow this odd behavior, but now she is starting to see chunks of the mattress in the toilet when he goes to the bathroom. His Mom made an appointment to see a doctor because this has been going on for several months and she’s worried the mattress buildup may start blocking his internal organs. Which eating disorder may Jackson have?
- ARFID (Incorrect. ARFID is an eating or feeding disturbance associated with an apparent lack of interest in eating or food.)
- rumination (Incorrect. Rumination is an eating disorder characterized by having the contents of the stomach regurgitated and either re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out.)
- BED (Incorrect. BED is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating that are not combined with compensatory methods to avoid weight gain.)
- pica (Correct! Pica is a psychological disorder characterized by an appetite for substances that are largely non-nutritive.)
A: pica