Title: Understanding Abnormal Behavior
Course: Question bank check

Q: Psychological disorders are conditions defined by the presence of which of the following?
- An individual experiences odd and abnormal symptoms such as auditory hallucinations even if their expression is socially accepted by their culture. (Incorrect. If an individual experiences a symptom such as hearing voices (hallucination), it would likely not be considered a mental health disorder by the culture, and that person may actually go on to being a medicinal and spiritual healer. A psychological disorder can only be made in the context of what is considered abnormal for the specific culture.)
- Unusual experiences and disturbed thinking and behaviors occur, but the individual does not experience significant personal distress or impaired daily functioning. (Incorrect. One of the main defining features of a psychological disorder is that the symptoms cause daily disturbances in functioning and cause the individual significant personal distress.)
- Atypical thoughts and emotions are experienced by the individual even though they are able to maintain relationships, meet their responsibilities, and do not seem bothered by it. (Incorrect. Just because a symptom or experience is atypical, does not mean it is abnormal or that it would meet the criteria for a psychological disorder diagnosis. Additionally, the individual is able to maintain their daily functioning and does not experience any distress.)
- An individual experiences significant personal distress and significant disturbances in feelings, behaviors, and thoughts that affect their daily functioning. (Correct! According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), two of the defining criteria of psychological disorders is that the individual experiences significant personal distress as well as significant disturbances in their feelings, behaviors, and thoughts.)
A: An individual experiences significant personal distress and significant disturbances in feelings, behaviors, and thoughts that affect their daily functioning.

Q: Which of the following is a difficulty of defining what it means to have a psychological disorder?
- It is impossible to make any biological conclusions to an individual’s internal world, so there is no way of proving their symptoms or experiences to be true. (Incorrect. Brain-imaging techniques and other scientific testing exist, which for many psychological disorders can show abnormalities in brain function or structure when compared to a control subject.)
- Psychological disorders are caused by precise factors that are hard to identify. (Incorrect. Causes of a psychological disorder may show not one but multiple causes, and these are rarely precise or exact.)
- A diagnosis is based on behavior that violates social norms so it depends on a person’s culture. (Incorrect. There may be diagnoses that are associated with the violation of social norms, but this does not mean diagnosis would be solely based on just this behavior. To diagnose a disorder, the focus would be on thoughts and emotions as well as behaviors.)
- The experience of an atypical symptom alone is insufficient for defining what it means to have a psychological disorder. (Correct! Atypical experiences alone are insufficient, as they must be more intense and persistent than normal feelings and cause significant personal distress or impairment in daily functioning.)
A: The experience of an atypical symptom alone is insufficient for defining what it means to have a psychological disorder.

Q: A condition characterized by disturbances with biological, psychological, and/or developmental dysfunction is called
- etiology. (Incorrect. Etiology is associated with causes of a disorder and not the actual disorder.)
- psychopathology. (Incorrect. Psychopathology is the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, etiology (i.e., their causes), and treatment.)
- psychological well-being. (Incorrect. The psychological well-being is taken into account for diagnosis, but is not associated with the disturbances and dysfunctions.)
- a psychological disorder. (Correct. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013), a psychological disorder is a condition that is said to consist of disturbed patterns of inner experiences and behaviors that reflect some flaw (dysfunction) in the internal biological, psychological, and developmental mechanisms that lead to normal, healthy psychological functioning.)
A: a psychological disorder.

Q: A condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors is called
- mental etiology. (Incorrect. Etiology is another word for “causes,” which the field of psychopathology seeks to understand in psychological disorders.)
- psychopathology. (Incorrect. Psychopathology is most commonly used to describe the study of psychological disorders, or the manifestation of those disorders in an individual.)
- a psychiatric disease. (Incorrect. Although these words are similar to the correct answer, remember that not all psychological problems are dealt with through psychiatric measures, which often include medications.)
- a psychological disorder. (Correct. It is also important to note that these abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are disruptive, dysfunctional, and distressing to the person experiencing them.)
A: a psychological disorder.

Q: According to the APA, a psychological disorder includes significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that reflect some type of dysfunction. These disturbances lead to
- expected and culturally approved responses to events. (Incorrect. The disturbances mentioned do not lead to typical patterns of behavior that are widely accepted and expected in one’s culture; instead, they usually defy culturally approved responses and expectations.)
- atypical behaviors that are found in less than 10% of the population. (Incorrect. More than 10% of the population meets the criteria for a psychological disorder at some point in their lifetimes. Also, atypical behaviors found in less than 10% of the population could include the creative, inventive behaviors of geniuses, which we would not label disordered.)
- deviant or atypical behaviors according to one’s society’s expectations. (Incorrect. This answer is culturally relative, and a behavior highly abnormal in one society may be commonplace in another, so this is not a proper indication of a psychological disorder.)
- significant distress or disability in one’s life. (Correct. The symptoms of a psychological disorder make it difficult to function as one would normally function, and causes the individual distress and difficulties in their daily lives.)
A: significant distress or disability in one’s life.

Q: Both distress and ________ are things a psychologist may look for in determining if a person has a mental disorder.
- rejection (Incorrect. Rejection is not a determining factor in diagnosing mental illness, although some people with mental illnesses may feel rejected as a result of their illness.)
- violence (Incorrect. It is dangerous and unwise to assume violence is a determining factor in diagnosing mental illness. The great majority of people with mental illnesses are not violent.)
- fear (Incorrect. Distress and fear may be an ordinary reaction to a novel situation for anyone, not just someone suffering from a mental disorder.)
- dysfunction (Correct. A mental disorder will cause a person significant distress and dysfunction in their personal lives.)
A: dysfunction

Q: In early and recent mental illness theories, there has been a stigma associated with being treated for a psychological disorder. This mental health stigma leads to
- a feeling of indifference regarding mental illness. (Incorrect. By not showing any sense of caring, this does not associate with the stigma other than in some senses a bystander effect to help.)
- humorism. (Incorrect. Humorism remained a recurrent somatogenic theory up until the 19th century. It proposed that essential bodily fluids are associated with a psychological disorder, but does not associate with the stigma of a disorder)
- an emphasis on biological causes for mental illness. (Incorrect. Early thought processing of mental illness did not take into account the biological dispositions, but for a stigma association this would be minimal.)
- prejudicial attitudes and discrimination about mental illness. (Correct! Considering there currently still remains a stigma associated with mental illness, this has been a long-term negative downfall about individuals getting treatment.)
A: prejudicial attitudes and discrimination about mental illness.

Q: Which ancient mental illness theory believed that traumatic or stressful experiences would show etiological signs of a psychological disorder?
- supernatural (Incorrect. Supernatural theorists attribute mental illness to possession by evil or demonic spirits, displeasure of gods, eclipses, planetary gravitation, curses, and sin.)
- somatogenic (Incorrect. Somatogenic theorists identify disturbances in physical functioning resulting from either illness, genetic inheritance, or brain damage or imbalance.)
- trephination (Incorrect. Trephination would examine prehistoric skulls and cave art from as early as 6500 BC has identified surgical drilling of holes in skulls to treat head injuries and epilepsy as well as to allow the evil spirits trapped within the skull, that were presumed to be causing the symptoms of mental disorder, to be released.)
- psychogenic (Correct! Psychogenic theorists focus on traumatic or stressful experiences, maladaptive learned associations and cognitions, or distorted perceptions that cause psychological distress.)
A: psychogenic

Q: Rosanna was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia as she has been suffering from delusions as well as hallucinations for about a year. Rosanna has been treated with anti-psychotic psychotropic medication, which is helping her disorder. If Rosanna was suffering from her psychological disorder over 500 years ago, her treatment form may have been
- supernatural. (Incorrect. Supernatural theorists attribute mental illness to possession by evil or demonic spirits, displeasure of gods, eclipses, planetary gravitation, curses, and sin. Supernatural theory may associate with evil or demonic spirits that caused the schizophrenia, but it will not treat the disorder.)
- somatogenic. (Incorrect. Somatogenic theorists identify disturbances in physical functioning resulting from either illness, genetic inheritance, or brain damage or imbalance. Somatogenic theory is only a theory and not a treatment.)
- psychogenic. (Incorrect. Psychogenic theorists focus on traumatic or stressful experiences, maladaptive learned associations and cognitions, or distorted perceptions to cause psychological distress. Psychogenic would not apply to schizophrenia based on theory and not being a treatment.)
- trephination. (Correct! Examination of prehistoric skulls and cave art from as early as 6500 BC has identified surgical drilling of holes in skulls to treat head injuries and epilepsy as well as to allow the evil spirits trapped within the skull, that were presumed to be causing the symptoms of mental disorder, to be released.)
A: trephination.

Q: Historically, psychological disorders were often viewed as
- a socially constructed phenomenon. (Incorrect. Historically, few societies understood psychological disorders in any form and would not have believed such illnesses were social constructions. This is a more modern view.)
- common behavior. (Incorrect. While not all psychological disorders were treated as maladies and some were revered as something that made the person who had the disorder uniquely gifted, their gifts or disorders were still not thought of as common behavior.)
- scientifically explainable. (Incorrect. Historically speaking, it was not believed science could explain mental illness.)
- supernatural phenomenon. (Correct. Before psychology was understood as a science, psychological disorders were often explained in supernatural terms: possession, witchcraft, prophecy, etc.)
A: supernatural phenomenon.

Q: Until more modern times, psychological disorders were often viewed as
- socially constructed phenomenon.
- common behavior.
- scientifically explainable.
- supernatural phenomenon.
A: supernatural phenomenon.

Q: Asylums were created to house individuals who suffered from psychological disorders, but what was the focus of these institutions early on?
- to keep them safe and cared for (Incorrect. Individuals were not taken care of as they should have been and were in many cases not cared for.)
- a safe haven from families that may be abusive or not understand the illness (Incorrect. Based on the poor conditions and treatments, the patients would not be in a safe place to be housed.)
- a place to rest and provide rehabilitation (Incorrect. Unfortunately, a large amount of rest may not have been a possibility with the poor conditions of the facilities.)
- to shelter them from society (Correct! The treatment of their disorder was limited based on the conditions, but asylums kept those with psychological illness out of the public realm.)
A: to shelter them from society

Q: Considering past treatments for electroconvulsive therapy, current administration of the procedure includes ________, which has shown to be more humane.
- antidepressants (Incorrect. Individuals may be taking these medications, but it is not a treatment associated with electroconvulsive therapy.)
- antipsychotics (Incorrect. Individuals may be taking these medications, but it is not a treatment associated with electroconvulsive therapy)
- cognitive behavioral therapy (Incorrect. Individuals may have a licensed therapist for treatment, but it is not a treatment associated with electroconvulsive therapy.)
- anesthesia (Correct! Electroconvulsive therapy is still used, but with safeguards against harms to the body and/or seizures under anesthesia.)
A: anesthesia

Q: During the late 1800s, hysteria was treated with hypnosis with some level of success compared to previous interventions. This treatment eventually led to a cathartic method and was a precursor for
- electroconvulsive therapy. (Incorrect. Electroconvulsive therapy was not used until later in time; however, this would not be the answer as no hypnosis would have been utilized in this treatment.)
- cognitive therapy. (Incorrect. Cognitive therapy did not develop until the 1950s–1960s, so this would not be the answer.)
- behavioral therapy. (Incorrect. Behavioral therapy would not be the answer, as the beginning of this therapy was approximately thirty to forty years after the suggested time period.)
- psychoanalytic therapy. (Correct! The psychogenic explanation for mental illness by treating hysteria through hypnosis, which eventually led to the cathartic method that became the precursor for psychoanalysis during the first half of the 20th century.)
A: psychoanalytic therapy.

Q: Mental health treatment today is much more humane than it was even just fifty years ago. While previously, people were often institutionalized, people are now only hospitalized if they
- have schizophrenia. (Incorrect. While schizophrenia can have detrimental impacts on a person, if managed consistently and appropriately persons are able to lead fulfilling lives and contribute to society.)
- have insurance. (Incorrect. State and private funding help to ensure that individuals who need to be hospitalized are hospitalized, insurance is not a requirement.)
- require therapy. (Incorrect. An individual must exhibit extreme behaviors or ideation that demonstrate that either themselves or others are at risk of harm.)
- are an imminent threat to themselves or others. (Correct. Today there are strict requirements that must be met in order for a person to be hospitalized.)
A: are an imminent threat to themselves or others.

Q: Typically, why might a person with mental illness be hospitalized today?
- They have schizophrenia.
- They have insurance.
- They require therapy.
- They are an imminent threat to themselves or others.
A: They are an imminent threat to themselves or others.

Q: In 1955 there were 558,239 severely mentally ill patients institutionalized at public hospitals. Based on changes in treatment of mental health, which may be a contributing factor to the drastic decrease in hospitalizations currently?
- The decrease in mentally ill individuals. (Incorrect. Since 1955, there has been an increase in those that are mentally ill, but there have been many more that have been treated successfully for their psychological disorder due to an increase in effective treatments.)
- The fact that there is less hospital availability. (Incorrect. Since 1955, there has been an increase in hospitals that have been built as well as beds that have been usable.)
- There are fewer mental health resources. (Incorrect. Just the opposite, as mental health treatment availability has increased dramatically in the last forty years.)
- There is an increased effectiveness in treatment. (Correct! Considering the conditions and as well treatments in mental health, especially psychotropic drug availability, the effectiveness has been far greater now than in 1955.)
A: There is an increased effectiveness in treatment.

Q: Gina recently was having problems with her boyfriend and has become increasingly frustrated with his unwillingness to help around their house with most things. Gina has talked to her friends and they suggested she go to a therapist. By opting to go to therapy herself, Gina’s therapy is considered
- involuntary. (Incorrect. Involuntary treatment would refer to therapy that would not be her choice or is mandated for the individual)
- psychoanalytic. (Incorrect. Psychoanalytic therapy is a model of therapy, but a theory-based model that looks at unconscious factors associated with an individual.)
- cognitive behavioral therapy. (Incorrect. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a model of therapy, but a theory-based model that looks at irrational thought processes and behaviors associated with an individual.)
- voluntary. (Correct! Voluntary treatment means the person chooses to attend therapy to obtain relief from symptoms.)
A: voluntary.

Q: Jenna has been drinking a great deal of alcohol to help cope with her anxiety. Jenna has had panic attacks and will only self-medicate for treatment. Jenna had a problematic panic attack while she was drinking one night and her friends were worried, so she was taken to the hospital. Jenna was eventually diagnoses as having panic disorder and an alcohol abuse disorder. This is an example of
- classification. (Incorrect. Classification is diagnosing the disorders, but not the disorder occurring at once.)
- evaluation. (Incorrect. Evaluation would be part of the diagnostic process, but not associated with an actual psychological disorder.)
- a set of symptoms. (Incorrect. Symptoms would be part of the diagnostic process; however, symptoms are part of each disorder as well as an overall diagnosis for comorbidity and not the actual disorder.)
- comorbidity. (Correct! Comorbidity is the co-occurrence of two disorders.)
A: comorbidity.

Q: Which of the following is NOT included in the DSM-5?
- diagnostic criteria (Incorrect. Specific symptoms required for diagnosis are included in the DSM-5.)
- prevalence information (Incorrect. The percent of the population thought to be suffering with the disorder is included in the DSM-5.)
- risk factors associated with disorders (Incorrect. Risk factors connected to ailments are included in the DSM-5.)
- causes of disorders (Correct. While causes of disorders are often explored by mental health professionals, specific causes are not typically included in the DSM-5.)
A: causes of disorders

Q: What does DSM stand for in the DSM-5?
- Diseases and Statistics Manual of Medicine (Incorrect. What’s missing in this abbreviation is what the manual does, and what it is used to diagnose: mental disorders.)
- Diagnosable Standards Manual of Mental Disorders (Incorrect. This answer is close, conveying a similar meaning; however, the main word at issue in this answer is standards, which implies there is a prototypical way each disorder or absence thereof is displayed.)
- Diseases and Symptoms Manual of Mental Disorders (Incorrect. Remember the manual is a diagnostic tool, not simply an index of disorders, as this abbreviation might imply.)
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Correct. The key words to remember are diagnostic and statistical, because the DSM-5 is a tool that helps diagnose mental disorders, including diagnostic criteria and statistical figures like prevalence and comorbidity.)
A: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Q: The etiology for mental disorders is a description of its
- treatments. (Incorrect. Treatments, like the etiology for mental disorders are varied, but treatments aim to accurately treat disorders based, at least partially, on their etiology.)
- conditions. (Incorrect. A mental disorder can also be referred to as a condition, the terms being roughly synonymous.)
- symptoms. (Incorrect. The study of the symptoms of a mental disorder is important to helping understand its possible etiology, but symptoms themselves can be used as diagnostic criteria for the presence or absence of a given disorder.)
- causes. (Correct. The etiology of most mental disorders is a combination of nature and nurture, combining genetic and environmental factors. In most disorders, it is largely unknown to what extent each contributing factor is a cause because most studies on human beings can only study correlation, rather than causation.)
A: causes.

Q: Angie has been afraid to leave her house for over a month. Angie decided to do teletherapy with her physician to determine why she had so much fear about leaving home. Angie’s doctor diagnosed her with agoraphobia, which would be listed under the ________ category in the DSM-5.
- depressive disorders (Incorrect.)
- dissociative disorders (Incorrect.)
- substance use disorders (Incorrect.)
- anxiety disorders (Correct!)
A: anxiety disorders

Q: Erin has been feeling down for about three years since her mother passed away. After several years of friends and family stating she needed to go to the doctor, she did. Erin’s doctor diagnosed her with dysthymia, which would be consistent with a/an
- anxiety disorder. (Incorrect. Dysthymia would not be considered an anxiety disorder because depression is associated with serotonin and not norepinephrine, which is associated with anxiety responses.)
- dissociative disorder. (Incorrect. Dissociative disorders would not be correct as there is not a shift in consciousness, only a serotonin imbalance.)
- substance use disorder. (Incorrect. The example does not list any substance use issues, so this would be incorrect.)
- depressive disorder. (Correct! Dysthymia is also referred to as persistent depressive disorder, so this would be the correct answer.)
A: depressive disorder.

Q: If someone has a personality demonstrating “impulsive, dramatic, highly emotional and erratic” behaviors, then according to the DSM-5, they may be diagnosed with
- a somatic symptom disorder. (Incorrect. Somatic symptom disorders are somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder, and fictitious disorder—they are characterized by physical ailments that have no biological cause.)
- a dissociative disorder. (Incorrect. Dissociative disorders occur when a person becomes dissociated from their sense of self, resulting in memory and identity disturbance.)
- a sleep-wake disorder. (Incorrect. Sleep-wake disorders involve problems with the quality, timing, and amount of sleep, which result in daytime distress and impairment in functioning.)
- a Cluster B personality disorder. (Correct! Cluster B includes personality disorders characterized chiefly by a personality style that is impulsive, dramatic, highly emotional, erratic, antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic, and borderline.)
A: a Cluster B personality disorder.

Q: Which is NOT a category of mental disorders covered in the DSM-5?
- sexual dysfunctions (Incorrect. This is a category in the DSM-5.)
- disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders (Incorrect. This is a category in the DSM-5.)
- personality disorders (Incorrect. This is a category in the DSM-5.)
- medical and biologically influenced disorders (Correct! This is not a category in the DSM-5.)
A: medical and biologically influenced disorders

Q: Most mental health professionals use the ________ to diagnose and read about the details, symptoms, prevalence, and risk factors of mental disorders.
- International Classification of Diseases (Incorrect. While there is some agreement between the ICD and DSM, mental health professionals most frequently use the DSM, as it is also a valuable research tool. The ICD is used primarily for diagnosis.)
- Determining Statistical Manifestation of Disorders (Incorrect. This answer may seem correct because it contains the words statistical and disorders, but it is also important to remember what it is used for: diagnoses and statistics of mental disorders.)
- Disease Standards Manual (Incorrect. This acronym contains the right letters, but fails to explain the purpose of the DSM, which serves as a valuable clue in remembering what DSM stands for.)
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Correct. The DSM is the standard tool mental health professionals use for these purposes.)
A: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Q: Outside of the United States, the ________ is used for clinical assessment, where the ________ is used as a clinical research tool.
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; International Classification of Diseases (Incorrect. The answers were correct, but the opposite of where they should have been.)
- International Classification of Diseases; Internal Causes of Disease (Incorrect. The ICD was correct, but the Internal Causes of Disease is incorrect.)
- International Classification of Diseases; American Psychological Association Ethics Code (Incorrect. The ICD was correct, but the APA Ethics Code is incorrect.)
- International Classification of Diseases; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Correct! The ICD is used globally for psychological assessment and the DSM-5 is used for outside research for diagnosis globally.)
A: International Classification of Diseases; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Q: Globally, the ________ is more frequently used for clinical diagnosis, whereas the ________ is more valued for research.
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; International Classification of Diseases (Incorrect. The order of these answers is reversed; you’re on the right track.)
- Determining Statistical Manifestation of Disorders; International Manual of Disorders (Incorrect. Globally, the DSM is valued for research, (DSM stands for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), while the ICD (International Classification of Diseases) is used for clinical diagnosis)
- International Psychological Association Manual; American Standards of Diagnosis (Incorrect. The abbreviations to look for are DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) and ICD, and the way to tell their purposes apart is the I in International Classification of Diseases (ICD).)
- International Classification of Disease; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Correct. The ICD is used worldwide for diagnosis, and the DSM is valued for research.)
A: International Classification of Disease; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Q: Regina, a U.S. psychologist, uses the DSM-5 in her practice, but her cousin, Ava, lives in Germany and often uses the ________ for clinical diagnosis.
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Incorrect. The DSM is valued for research worldwide, but other nations use the ICD for diagnosis.)
- Determining Statistical Manifestation of Disorders (Incorrect. The International Classification of Diseases is used for clinical diagnosis outside of the United States.)
- Internal Causes of Disease (Incorrect. The acronym ICD is correct, but what it stands for is important: International Classification of Diseases. It is widely used around the world for diagnosis, whereas the DSM is used for research.)
- International Classification of Diseases (Correct. The International Classification of Diseases manual is used for clinical diagnoses and is more commonly used outside of the United States.)
A: International Classification of Diseases

Q: Bernardo is a therapist and has treated clients for over five years. Bernardo has to look at the DSM-5 for diagnostic codes when he assesses and diagnoses his clients. Some of Bernardo’s reasoning for using these diagnostic codes is because they are
- useful to clients. (Incorrect. Yes the diagnosis may be good for the clients in treatment, but ultimately the diagnostic codes are more helpful for the billing of their sessions.)
- not useful to researchers. (Incorrect. Researchers may use diagnostic codes for case studies and/or experiments, but because of the confidential nature of the therapeutic relationship, these diagnoses or codes would not be shared with researchers without consent.)
- helpful in providing a clear path for treatment. (Incorrect. The diagnostic codes help to classify the disorder, but the DSM-5 does not recommend treatments.)
- useful to insurance companies. (Correct! Therapists and clinicians use diagnostic codes to associate with billing for clients and also may note the severity with their ongoing notes.)
A: useful to insurance companies.

Q: Some argue that the DSM-5 lacks ________ because one person could be diagnosed as having a different disorder by different clinicians.
- validity (Incorrect. Diagnostic validity concerns whether the diagnosis measures what it claims to measure.)
- cultural relativity (Incorrect. Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another.)
- a user's guide (Incorrect. A diagnostic system contains descriptions, symptoms, and other criteria for diagnosing mental disorders. It provides a common language for clinicians to communicate about their patients and establishes consistent and reliable diagnoses that can be used in the research of mental disorders; however, to be useful, any diagnostic system must demonstrate reliability and validity.)
- reliability (Correct! To be useful, any diagnostic system must demonstrate reliability and validity. Diagnostic reliability is the degree to which different diagnosticians agree on a diagnosis. If clinicians and researchers frequently disagree about the diagnosis of a patient, then research into the causes and effective treatments of those disorders cannot advance. To be considered reliable, or consistent, different evaluators using the system should arrive at the same diagnoses when they evaluate the same people.)
A: reliability

Q: If a therapist uses a screening diagnostic tool that identifies someone as having bipolar disorder, but the person doesn’t actually have the disorder, then there would be concerns with the ________ of the diagnosis.
- reliability (Incorrect. Diagnostic reliability is the degree to which different diagnosticians agree on a diagnosis.)
- cultural relativity (Incorrect. Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another.)
- standardization (Incorrect. Standardization is the process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties. The better answer that more directly addresses the issue is that the diagnosis doesn’t measure what it claims to measure.)
- validity (Correct! Validity considers whether the diagnosis measures what it claims to measure. In psychiatry, there is a particular issue with assessing the validity of the diagnostic categories themselves.)
A: validity

Q: The Roshenhan experiment, in which people were admitted to psychiatric wards and labeled with disorders, despite acting normally, predominantly raises issues with the ________ of a diagnosis.
- reliability
- cultural relativity
- labeling
- validity
A: validity

Q: Gabriella has recently felt that others are viewing her negatively. For years in school, Gabriella has felt negatively about reading, as she was diagnosed with dyslexia at age fifteen. Gabriella feels stupid and worried constantly that everyone thinks negatively about her because she has had trouble with reading since she started. This negative thought processing could be an example of
- a categorical approach. (Incorrect. A categorical approach attempts to categorize mental disorders into distinct diagnoses. The categorical approach is based on the idea that a person either meets criteria for a specific disorder or they do not. The categorical approach does not associate with mental stigmas or self-fulfilling prophecies.)
- a multiaxial system. (Incorrect. The multiaxial system was intended to allow professionals to characterize clients in a multidimensional way (medical, psychological, developmental, and environmental/social status), but rationale for removal of the multiaxial system was based on unclear boundaries between medical and psychiatric diagnoses and does not associate with stereotypes of self-fulfilling prophecies about mental illness.)
- a dimensional approach. (Incorrect. The dimensional approach was intended to allow professionals to characterize clients in a multidimensional way (medical, psychological, developmental, and environmental/social status), but rationale for removal of the multiaxial system was based on unclear boundaries between medical and psychiatric diagnoses. Again, the dimensional approach is more associated with diagnosis than feelings on mental illness.)
- labeling theory. (Correct! Labeling theory posits that self-identity and the behavior of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them. It is associated with the concepts of self-fulfilling prophecy and stereotyping.)
A: labeling theory.

Q: Those who criticize ________ say that a person's diagnostic classification is communicated in a negative manner that leads to stigma for the individual with a mental disorder.
- stereotyping (Incorrect. Labeling theory posits that self-identity and the behavior of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them. It is associated with the concept of stereotyping. By stereotyping, we infer that a person has a whole range of characteristics and abilities that we assume all members of that group have.)
- stigma (Incorrect. Stigma is a mark of disgrace that sets a person apart from others. When a person is labeled by their illness, they are no longer seen as an individual but as part of a stereotyped group. Negative attitudes and beliefs toward this group create prejudice that leads to negative actions and discrimination.)
- validity (Incorrect. Validity considers whether the diagnosis measures what it claims to measure.)
- labeling (Correct! The DSM system allows for individuals to be labeled for behavior that may or may not be an important part of their character. Labeling occurs when information about a person's diagnostic classification is communicated in a negative manner that leads to stigma for the individual with a mental disorder.)
A: labeling

Q: Roberto has recently suffered from depression. Roberto’s symptoms have been those of major depressive disorder, including being very depressed as well as not getting out of bed for much of anything. Susan has also shown signs of having major depressive disorder, but is able to get out of bed, though she still does not participate in activities she normally enjoys. Because they both meet the criteria for the disorder, but vary in the degree of severity, a ________ approach to describing the disorder is recommended.
- categorical approach (Incorrect. The categorical approach categorizes into specific disorders, not noting severity of diagnosis.)
- multiaxial system (Incorrect. Former versions of the DSM utilized a multiaxial system that categorized things as medical, psychological, developmental, and environmental/social status, but that system is no longer used in the DSM-5.)
- labeling theory (Incorrect. Labeling theory posits that self-identity and the behavior of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them and not the severity of diagnosis.)
- dimensional (Correct! The dimensional approach focuses on varying levels of different behaviors that a person exhibits, rather than whether or not a person meets criteria for a particular disorder.)
A: dimensional

Q: Tom has been talking with friends about individuals with psychological disorders. Tom and his friends refer to individuals who go to therapy in their discussions as “crazy” and someone who they would avoid. Tom and his friend’s feelings are consistent with
- a self-stigma. (Incorrect. Self-stigma is said to occur when individuals internalize stigmatizing social attitudes, and come to believe the negative societal conceptions and stereotypes associated with their condition. In this case, the issue would be external and not internal.)
- stigma expectations. (Incorrect. Stigma expectations is the extent to which individuals believe that “most people” (the community at large) will devalue and discriminate against a mental patient. Yes, there may be expectations associated with this example, but public stigma is correct due to the negative attitudes the individuals have about those suffering from a mental illness.)
- a stereotype. (Incorrect. A stereotype is distinct from stigma.)
- a public stigma. (Correct! Public stigma refers to a set of negative attitudes and beliefs that motivate individuals to fear, reject, avoid, and discriminate against people with mental illness.)
A: a public stigma.

Q: Monte has recently had issues dealing with his depression. Monte feels that society looks down on him based on his illness, and these thoughts make him feel even worse. Monte’s internalization of others viewpoints would be consistent with
- a public stigma. (Incorrect. Public stigma refers to a set of negative attitudes and beliefs that motivate individuals to fear, reject, avoid, and discriminate against people with mental illness. In this case, this is an internal issue, not an external situation so this would be incorrect.)
- stigma expectations. (Incorrect. Stigma expectations is the extent to which individuals believe that “most people” (the community at large) will devalue and discriminate against a mental patient. And the self-stigma would be internal, which would make this response incorrect.)
- a stereotype. (Incorrect. A stereotype is distinct from stigma.)
- a self-stigma. (Correct! Self-stigma is said to occur when individuals internalize stigmatizing social attitudes, and come to believe the negative societal conceptions and stereotypes associated with their condition.)
A: a self-stigma.

Q: Anthony has recently been feeling anxious due to multiple factors in his life. Anthony has been anxious because of working full-time, going to school full-time, and the stress of taking care of one of his family members. Anthony’s family has taught him that individuals that go to therapy are insane and discussed the shame that goes with being treated for any mental illness. Anthony did not seek treatment until he was hospitalized due to the anxiety. Anthony’s example is consistent with
- an enacted stigma. (Incorrect. Enacted stigma refers to the experience of unfair treatment by others, which is externalized thought versus internal.)
- stigma and illness. (Incorrect. More recent definitions of stigma focus on the results of stigma—the prejudice, avoidance, rejection, and discrimination directed at people believed to have an illness, a disorder, or another trait perceived to be undesirable. Yes, an illness could be due to internalization and stress of the stigma, but not the specific thought process behind the stigma.)
- stigma expectations. (Incorrect. Stigma expectations is the extent to which individuals believe that “most people” (the community at large) will devalue and discriminate against a mental patient.)
- a felt stigma. (Correct! Felt stigma refers to the shame and expectation of discrimination that prevents people from talking about their experiences and stops them from seeking help.)
A: a felt stigma.

Q: Chloe was raised in a family where they did not discuss mental health. When she experiences PTSD following a severe car accident, her parents imply she should just stop thinking about it. For this reason, Chloe did not seek treatment for nearly five years when she finally reached a breaking point and a friend took her to the doctor. Chloe’s experience is an example of
- an enacted stigma.
- stigma and illness.
- stigma expectations.
- a felt stigma.
A: a felt stigma.

Q: Amaya recently was feeling down for several weeks and she decided to go to the doctor. Amaya’s doctor suggested that she go to a therapist and she went two days later. Amaya’s therapist asked her several questions about her past and present symptoms as well her recent behaviors. Amaya’s therapist was assessing her by a
- clinical formulation. (Incorrect. Clinical formulation is a theory-based explanation from a clinical assessment.)
- cultural formulation. (Incorrect. This describes a systematic review of the client’s cultural background as well as the role of culture in symptoms and dysfunction.)
- principal diagnosis. (Incorrect. Principal diagnosis will be after the mental health examination, as the MHE aims to determine the potential diagnosis(es).)
- mental health examination. (Correct! A clinician/therapist will determine if there are troubling behavior, thoughts, and symptoms, along with a mental health history and current life discussion to assess for a potential diagnosis.)
A: mental health examination.

Q: Hannah recently was troubled by her impulsive behaviors and sought out treatment from a therapist. Hannah went to therapy and as part of her initial session, she was informed of the counseling process and her role in the setting. What best describes Hannah's role?
- patient (Incorrect. If Hannah was treated by a medical professional, she would be known as the patient, not client.)
- clinician (Incorrect. The clinician would be the therapist that treats the client (in this case Hannah).)
- physician (Incorrect. Hannah’s physician suggested that she goes to a therapist, but she is her physician’s patient.)
- client (Correct! Due to Hannah being treated by a therapist, and within the therapeutic realm, she would be known as a client not a patient.)
A: client

Q: Angela has issues talking to anyone and has a great deal of anxiety even saying, “Good morning” to others. Angela’s therapist suggested role play within therapy where she said good morning and hello, and was given a homework assignment for the following session to say hello and good morning to ten people. This is an example of
- cognitive-behavioral therapy. (Incorrect. Homework assignments like this are given in CBT, but this example is something more specific.)
- establishing the therapeutic relationship. (Incorrect. This is the relationship between a health care professional and a client (or patient).)
- the mental status examination. (Incorrect. The mental status examination is a structured way of observing and describing a patient's psychological functioning at a given point in time, under the domains of appearance, attitude, behavior, mood, affect, speech, thought process, thought content, perception, cognition, insight, and judgment.)
- the therapist helping the client to set achievable goals. (Correct! Based on a potential social anxiety diagnosis, Angela taking steps to alleviate some of the social anxiety by cognitive homework, would be a realistic and achievable goal in treatment.)
A: the therapist helping the client to set achievable goals.

Q: Genevieve has woken up twice in the past month not knowing where she was or how she got there. She’s been feeling stressed with her upcoming wedding and has had episodes of anxiety in the past, but has never experienced dissociation. When she visits the psychiatrist, what will they establish first?
- a treatment plan that will help her recover (Incorrect. Following an initial assessment in which the clinician has formulated a diagnosis, the client or patient and therapist come to an agreement, called the treatment plan. This is a type of contract that specifies the goals of treatment, treatment procedures, and a regular schedule for the time, place, and duration of their treatment sessions.)
- whether or not she has a history of alcohol or drug consumption in order to make a differential diagnosis (Incorrect. After determining the primary reason the individual is seeking professional help, a differential diagnosis is commonly used.)
- whether individual or group therapy would be best for Genevieve (Incorrect. The therapist first gathers specific information to address the client’s immediate needs, including the presenting problem. Then a treatment plan will be formulated, usually with specific, measurable objectives. Also, the therapist and client will discuss which treatment modality would be best and how treatment success will be measured and the estimated length of treatment. There are several different modalities of treatment: individual therapy, family therapy, couples therapy, and group therapy are the most common.)
- a clear description of her symptoms in order to make a diagnosis (Correct! When a mental health professional diagnoses a client or patient, the first steps can be summarized as gathering information, narrowing down the options and formulating a diagnostic impression.)
A: a clear description of her symptoms in order to make a diagnosis

Q: After her first meeting with a client, Dr. Coppola begins to make a ________ for her client, which consists of information about her client’s history, symptoms, and how to address them—including a list of problems, core beliefs, and activating situations. Dr. Coppola also writes down her working hypothesis and a potential treatment plan.
- diagnosis (Incorrect. The word diagnosis commonly refers to the identification of the nature and cause of an illness or the identification of the nature and cause of something (of any nature).)
- treatment plan (Incorrect. Following an initial assessment, the client and therapist come to an agreement, called the treatment plan. This is a type of contract that specifies the goals of treatment, treatment procedures, and a regular schedule for the time, place, and duration of their treatment sessions.)
- cultural formulation (Incorrect. A cultural formulation is a systematic review of a person's cultural background and the role of culture in the manifestation of symptoms and dysfunction. The interview aims to help clinicians contextualize diagnostic assessment.)
- case formulation (Correct! A clinical formulation, also known as case formulation, is an analysis, or a theoretically based explanation of the information obtained from a clinical assessment. It offers a hypothesis about the cause and nature of the presenting problems (e.g., background history, presenting concerns, manifestation and progression of behavioral signs and symptoms over time), and it gives a rich description of the client’s personal history and pieces together how the disorder evolved.)
A: case formulation

Q: Jasmine was assessed by a clinician who suggested she take an assessment specifically to help determine her patterns of behavior, thoughts and feelings. Jasmine was a little uncomfortable about the idea at first, but then agreed to the ________ assessment.
- intelligence and achievement (Incorrect. Intelligence tests are designed to measure certain specific kinds of cognitive functioning (often referred to as IQ) in comparison to a norming group. Intelligence tests do not focus on behavior, thoughts, and feelings.)
- neuropsychological (Incorrect. Neuropsychological tests consist of specifically designed tasks used to measure psychological functions known to be linked to a particular brain structure or pathway. Again, neuropsychological tests do not focus on behavior, thoughts, and feelings.)
- clinical observation (Incorrect. Clinical psychologists are also trained to gather data by observing behavior. The assessment in Jasmine’s case would not be observable behavior with her taking the test.)
- personality (Correct! Tests of personality aim to describe patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings.)
A: personality

Q: Lauren thought to herself one day that she wanted to find out her memory, knowledge, and verbal skills. Lauren discussed this issue with her doctor and she suggested that Lauren take a specific type of test at a local medical facility. Lauren took a/an ________ to help answer her questions.
- personality test (Incorrect. Tests of personality aim to describe patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings. They do not test memory or knowledge.)
- neuropsychological test (Incorrect. Neuropsychological tests consist of specifically designed tasks used to measure psychological functions known to be linked to a particular brain structure or pathway and do not focus on determining verbal skills, memory, and knowledge.)
- clinical observation (Incorrect. Clinical psychologists are also trained to gather data by observing behavior. The assessment in this example’s case would not be observable behavior.)
- intelligence and achievement test (Correct! Intelligence tests are designed to measure certain specific kinds of cognitive functioning (often referred to as IQ) in comparison to a norming group.)
A: intelligence and achievement test

Q: Larry was having issues recently dealing with a recent breakup with his girlfriend. Larry went to the doctor and discussed his increasing depression; his doctor suggested that Larry be examined for mental illness. Larry agreed that a ________ was in order for him.
- psychological test (Incorrect. Psychological tests are written, visual, or verbal evaluations administered to assess the cognitive and emotional functioning of clients or patients. A psychological test may be given to an individual, but a clinical assessment uses far more techniques for assessing the individual.)
- standardized test (Incorrect. A standardized test is administered and scored in a consistent or "standard” manner and does not assess for psychological functioning.)
- personality test (Incorrect. Tests of personality aim to describe patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings and are not focused on their overall psychological functioning, but more on their personality.)
- psychological assessment (Correct! This type of clinical assessment can be thought of as a broad range of measurement techniques, all of which involve having people provide scorable information about their psychological functioning.)
A: psychological assessment

Q: Kerry recently went to a therapist for her anxiety and depression, as she had been suffering for the past month with the combination of both. Kerry’s therapist asked her questions such as, “What can you tell me about how you feel?” “What did you feel this past month?” and “How is your family?” These assessment questions would be part of a/an
- structured interview. (Incorrect. The aim of a structured interview is to ensure that each interview is presented with exactly the same questions in the same order. This is incorrect as the followed question structure would be set in place with this response.)
- semi-structured interview. (Incorrect. During a semi-structured interview, the clinician follows a general outline of questions designed to gather essential information but is free to ask the questions in any particular order and to branch off into other directions to follow up on relevant information. Kerry’s therapist’s questions could be part of a semi-structured interview, but sound more like an unstructured interview.)
- mental health examination. (Incorrect. An MHE is a medical process where a clinician working in the field of mental health (usually a psychotherapist, social worker, psychiatrist, psychiatric nurse, or psychologist) systematically examines patients’ minds and the way they look, think, feel, and behave. It is an important part of the clinical assessment process, but some of these questions may be associated with an MHE, but not all as there would be more structured questions at times.)
- unstructured interview. (Correct! An unstructured is an interview in which questions are not prearranged, which is consistent with the example.)
A: unstructured interview.

Q: Geno’s friends were worried about his recent erratic behavior and his recent social isolation away from them and suggested therapy. Geno agreed to go, as he wanted to find out why he was feeling so poor. Geno’s therapist followed an outline of questions asking him about his symptoms and then asked some other personal and follow-up questions, like about his friends at work and his feelings towards his family. Geno’s therapist focused on a/an ________ to assess him.
- structured interview (Incorrect. The aim of a structured interview is to ensure that each interview is presented with exactly the same questions in the same order. This example used both structured and unstructured questions, so this is not correct.)
- unstructured interview (Incorrect. An unstructured is an interview in which questions are not pre-arranged. Some in this case were pre-arranged.)
- mental health examination (Incorrect. An MHE is a medical process where a clinician working in the field of mental health (usually a psychotherapist, social worker, psychiatrist, psychiatric nurse, or psychologist) systematically examines patients’ minds and the way they look, think, feel and behave. In this example, Geno was asked some questions that may be part of an MHE, but was assessed with different themed questions, which tends not to be the case with an MHE.)
- semi-structured interview (Correct! During a semi-structured interview, the clinician follows a general outline of questions designed to gather essential information but is free to ask the questions in any particular order and to branch off into other directions to follow up on relevant information.)
A: semi-structured interview

Q: Jackie recently went to the doctor as she was having problems focusing on anything. Jackie’s doctor suggested she go to a clinician. Jackie disclosed to the clinician about being distracted all the time, so the clinician asked questions about what symptoms she may have had and their potential severity. The clinician also took note of Jackie’s demeanor, behavior, and her patterns of thought. Jackie’s clinician was assessing during a/an
- structured interview. (Incorrect. The aim of a structured interview is to ensure that each interview is presented with exactly the same questions in the same order. Similar questions would be asked, but an MHE is a better answer due to diagnosis and treatment options.)
- unstructured interview. (Incorrect. An unstructured is an interview in which questions are not prearranged. This is incorrect as the questions were to determine diagnosis and potential treatment options.)
- semi-structured interview. (Incorrect. During a semi-structured interview, the clinician follows a general outline of questions designed to gather essential information but is free to ask the questions in any particular order and to branch off into other directions to follow up on relevant information. Some questions may have been used, but not all within this answer, so this would be incorrect.)
- mental health examination. (Correct! An MHE is a medical process where a clinician working in the field of mental health (usually a psychotherapist, social worker, psychiatrist, psychiatric nurse, or psychologist) systematically examines a patient’s mind and the way he or she looks, thinks, feels and behaves. An MHE helps decide diagnosis and treatment for the individual.)
A: mental health examination.

Q: Lisa is a college professor who wanted to research intelligence levels. Lisa focused on the IQ of participants and looked to determine an assessment tool that would create a normal distribution of answers, she used the ________ for assessment.
- Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (Incorrect. Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children is for assessing cognitive development. Its construction incorporates several recent developments in both psychological theory and statistical methodology. Kaufman’s focus is on children not adults.)
- Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (Incorrect. WISC-V generates a full scale IQ that represents a child's general intellectual ability. It also provides five primary index scores: Verbal Comprehension Index, Visual Spatial Index, Fluid Reasoning Index, Working Memory Index, and Processing Speed Index. The focus is not on normal distribution for intelligence scores in adults.)
- Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (Incorrect. The WAIS assesses people's ability to remember, compute, understand language, reason well, and process information quickly. David Wechsler’s approach to testing intellectual ability was based on the fundamental idea that there are, in essence, many aspects to intelligence. The WAIS does assess intelligence, but does not focus on IQ levels.)
- Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test (Correct! The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test was adapted by a Stanford professor named Lewis Terman to create what is, perhaps, the most famous intelligence test in the world, the Stanford-Binet. The major advantage of this new test was that it was standardized. Based on a large sample of children Terman was able to plot the scores in a normal distribution, shaped like a “bell curve”.)
A: Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test

Q: Tim is a clinician aiming to determine adults' intelligence levels and he is focused on understanding language, reasoning, and processing information quickly. Tim mostly uses the ________ as an assessment tool in his practice.
- Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (Incorrect. Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children is for assessing cognitive development. Its construction incorporates several recent developments in both psychological theory and statistical methodology. The focus is on children not adults.)
- Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (Incorrect. WISC-V generates a full scale IQ that represents a child's general intellectual ability. It also provides five primary index scores: Verbal Comprehension Index, Visual Spatial Index, Fluid Reasoning Index, Working Memory Index, and Processing Speed Index. The focus is on children not adults.)
- Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test (Incorrect. was adapted by a Stanford professor named Lewis Terman to create what is, perhaps, the most famous intelligence test in the world, the Stanford-Binet. The major advantage of this new test was that it was standardized. Based on a large sample of children, Terman was able to plot the scores in a normal distribution shaped like a bell curve. This test does focus on adults, but assesses different factors than the WAIS.)
- Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (Correct! The WAIS assesses people's ability to remember, compute, understand language, reason well, and process information quickly. David Wechsler’s approach to testing intellectual ability was based on the fundamental idea that there are, in essence, many aspects to intelligence.)
A: Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale

Q: Stephanie is a child psychologist within a school district. Stephanie is looking for an assessment tool that may help in diagnosing learning disabilities, such as dyslexia and dyscalculia. Stephanie will use the ________ in working with children.
- Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (Incorrect. for assessing cognitive development. Its construction incorporates several recent developments in both psychological theory and statistical methodology, but it does not associate as much with learning disability assessment.)
- Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test (Incorrect. was adapted by a Stanford professor named Lewis Terman to create what is, perhaps, the most famous intelligence test in the world, the Stanford-Binet. The major advantage of this new test was that it was standardized. Based on a large sample of children, Terman was able to plot the scores in a normal distribution shaped like a “bell curve.” Stanford-Binet assesses adults, so this answer would be incorrect.)
- Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (Incorrect. The WAIS assesses people's ability to remember, compute, understand language, reason well, and process information quickly. David Wechsler’s approach to testing intellectual ability was based on the fundamental idea that there are, in essence, many aspects to intelligence. WAIS assesses adults, so this would be incorrect.)
- Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (Correct! WISC-V generates a full scale IQ that represents a child's general intellectual ability. It also provides five primary index scores: Verbal Comprehension Index, Visual Spatial Index, Fluid Reasoning Index, Working Memory Index, and Processing Speed Index and helps to diagnose learning disabilities.)
A: Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children

Q: The consistent manner of administering, scoring, and interpreting a test results in it being ________. If the test is given to a large amount of students, there will be enough data to create referential scores by which to interpret future scores, known as ________.
- normed; standardization (That’s not correct. The two terms are mixed up. Dr. Billimek has followed the procedures for standardizing his test by collecting data from a large group of people at various ages that are representative of the population. The results of data will be used to establish norms or average scores for various age groups on the test.)
- standardized; reliability (You are partially correct. Dr. Billimek has followed the procedures for standardizing his test by collecting data from a large group of people at various ages that are representative of the population. But he has not yet established the reliability of his test. Reliability is established by repeatedly giving the test to the same group of people and consistently getting similar score results. Rather, Dr. Billimek is using the results of the data to establish norms or average scores for various age groups on the test.)
- valid; reliability (That’s not correct. Validity and reliability are two of the three requirements for a good test design, but they do not represent what Dr. Billimek has done. He has followed the procedures for standardizing his test by collecting data from a large group of people at various ages that are representative of the population. The results of data will be used to establish norms or average scores for various age groups on the test.)
- standardized; norms (That's correct! Dr. Billimek has followed the procedures for standardizing his test by collecting data from a large group of people at various ages that are representative of the population. The results of data will be used to establish norms or average scores for various age groups on the test.)
A: standardized; norms

Q: Which of the following IQ scores indicates average intelligence?
- 125 (Incorrect. IQ or intelligence quotient is a name given to the score of the Binet-Simon test. The score is derived by dividing a child’s mental age (the score from the test) by their chronological age to create an overall quotient. For modern IQ tests, the median raw score of the norming sample is defined as IQ 100 and scores each standard deviation (SD) up or down are defined as 15 IQ points greater or less. By this definition, approximately two-thirds of the population scores are between IQ 85 and IQ 115. See Figure 1 on this page.)
- 70 (Incorrect. IQ or intelligence quotient is a name given to the score of the Binet-Simon test. The score is derived by dividing a child’s mental age (the score from the test) by their chronological age to create an overall quotient. For modern IQ tests, the median raw score of the norming sample is defined as IQ 100 and scores each standard deviation (SD) up or down are defined as 15 IQ points greater or less. By this definition, approximately two-thirds of the population scores are between IQ 85 and IQ 115. About 2.5 percent of the population scores above 130, and 2.5 percent below 70. See Figure 1 on this page.)
- 130 (Incorrect. IQ or intelligence quotient is a name given to the score of the Binet-Simon test. The score is derived by dividing a child’s mental age (the score from the test) by their chronological age to create an overall quotient. For modern IQ tests, the median raw score of the norming sample is defined as IQ 100 and scores each standard deviation (SD) up or down are defined as 15 IQ points greater or less. By this definition, approximately two-thirds of the population scores are between IQ 85 and IQ 115. About 2.5 percent of the population scores above 130, and 2.5 percent below 70. See Figure 1 on this page.)
- 100 (Correct! Historically, IQ was a score obtained by dividing a person's mental age score by the person's chronological age. The resulting fraction (quotient) is multiplied by 100 to obtain the IQ score. The norming sample is defined as IQ 100.)
A: 100

Q: Jameliah is a clinician who assesses clients when needed. Jameliah recently has wanted to focus on an assessment tool that may determine levels of depression and schizophrenia, so she is utilizing the ________ on individuals.
- Big Five personality test (Incorrect. This test suggests five broad dimensions used in common language to describe the human personality and psyche, but does not focus on depression and schizophrenia.)
- Rorschach Inkblot Test (Incorrect. The Rorschach test is a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist. The Rorschach has been standardized using the Exner system and is effective in measuring depression, psychosis, and anxiety, but the MMPI is a better answer as it assesses for many different mental illness elements.)
- TAT (Incorrect. A person taking the TAT is shown 8–12 ambiguous pictures and is asked to tell a story about each picture. The stories give insight into their social world, revealing hopes, fears, interests, and goals. It is not assessing depression or schizophrenia, just troubling thoughts and ideals.)
- MMPI (Correct! Responses are scored to produce a clinical profile composed of 10 scales: hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviance (social deviance), masculinity versus femininity, paranoia, psychasthenia (obsessive/compulsive qualities), schizophrenia, hypomania, and social introversion.)
A: MMPI

Q: Sophia sometimes administers the Big Five personality test in her practice. Of the traits examined, Sophia mostly looks at ________, which may be associated with mental illness.
- extraversion (Incorrect. Extroversion focuses on how likely someone is to talk to someone else and is not associated with mental illness.)
- agreeableness (Incorrect. Agreeableness is associated with how likely someone will say yes or no, not with mental illness.)
- openness to experience (Incorrect. Openness to experience is associated with how willing someone would be to try something new or not and isn't focused on mental illness.)
- neuroticism (Correct! Neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anger, anxiety, or depression.)
A: neuroticism

Q: Rich has been a therapist for over fifteen years and most of that time he has used an assessment tool that uses random pictures to provoke an immediate response. Rich is looking to determine anxiety and depression in individuals, so he utilized the ________ for assessment.
- Big Five personality test (Incorrect. The Big Five personality traits suggest five broad dimensions used in common language to describe the human personality and psyche, but do not focus on assessment of depression and anxiety.)
- MMPI (Incorrect. Responses are scored to produce a clinical profile composed of 10 scales: hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviance (social deviance), masculinity versus femininity, paranoia, psychasthenia (obsessive/compulsive qualities), schizophrenia, hypomania, and social introversion. MMPI does focus on assessment for depression, but not anxiety.)
- TAT (Incorrect. A person taking the TAT is shown 8–12 ambiguous pictures and is asked to tell a story about each picture. The stories give insight into their social world, revealing hopes, fears, interests, and goals. TAT does not tend to focus on assessing depression and anxiety.)
- Rorschach Inkblot Test (Correct! The Rorschach test is a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist. The Rorschach has been standardized using the Exner system and is effective in measuring depression, psychosis, and anxiety.)
A: Rorschach Inkblot Test

Q: Debra utilizes the MoCA cognitive assessment tool within her assessment as a clinician, which helps determine
- whether or not a patient should be admitted to the hospital. (Incorrect. The MoCA is used to assess whether or not a neurocognitive disorder is present.)
- if the client can correctly draw the hands of a clock. (Incorrect. Drawing a clock face is actually part of the Mini-cog exam. It’s administered to determine more broadly if there is a cognitive impairment,)
- if there are signs of a behavioral disorder and what behavioral modifications are needed. (Incorrect. The MoCa is a cognitive, not behavioral assessment.)
- a cognitive function or impairment that could be a sign of a neurocognitive disorder. (Correct! The MoCA evaluates visuospatial skills, attention, language, abstract reasoning, delayed recall, executive function, and orientation.)
A: a cognitive function or impairment that could be a sign of a neurocognitive disorder.

Q: Rachel likes to cook and utilizes a number of recipes for her meals. Rachel made chicken tikka masala and followed a recipe she found on the internet. Which is the best example of the cognitive skills needed for Rachel to make the meal?
- language (Incorrect. Language domain involves naming, reading, writing, and repeating words. Language would not associate with following the recipe.)
- abstract reasoning (Incorrect. Abstract reasoning refers to analyzing information, detecting patterns and relationships, or solving problems on an intangible, theoretical level. Abstract reasoning would use techniques that were outside of the recipe.)
- memory (Incorrect. Memory is the mechanism that takes information and then encodes, stores, and retrieves it for later use. Memory w\could be involved with many recipes, but if this was the first time she made the dish, there would be no memory of the previous experience.)
- executive function (Correct! Executive function encompasses organizing, planning, working memory, mental flexibility, list-making, and executing tasks.)
A: executive function

Q: Phillipe is a therapist who relies on several different assessment tools to inform his practice. He uses ________, mostly with his older patients, to see if a patient has any issues with cognitive decline, and relies on ________ to inform the diagnosis for many of his school-aged patients.
- behavioral rating scales; cognitive testing (Incorrect. Behavioral rating scales are more often used to observe types of behavior, and cognitive testing is used to check for dementia or neurocognitive decline, often in older patients.)
- the MoCA; the Mini-Mental Status Exam (Incorrect. These are both examples of cognitive assessments.)
- the Child Behavior Checklist; the Saint Louis University Mental Status Exam (SLUMS) (Incorrect. The CBCL is used for children, while the SLUMS is administered to look for cognitive decline.)
- The Mini-Mental Status Exam; behavioral rating scales (Correct! The Mini-Mental Status exam is a short test to check for cognitive decline, and behavioral rating scales such as the Child Behavioral Checklist (CBCL) are helpful in understanding types of behaviors.)
A: The Mini-Mental Status Exam; behavioral rating scales