Title: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Course: Question bank check

Q: Drugs affect the communication within a given neurotransmitter system. A(n) ________ accelerates the activity between neurons.
- antagonist (Incorrect. Drugs can act as agonists or antagonists of a given neurotransmitter system. An antagonist impedes neurotransmitter activity.)
- hallucinogen (Incorrect. An hallucinogen is one within a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations.)
- compulsive pattern (Incorrect. A compulsive pattern of drug use is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence for individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder.)
- agonist (Correct! Drugs can act as agonists or antagonists of a given neurotransmitter system. An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system.)
A: agonist

Q: ________ is linked to physiological dependence and occurs when a person requires more and more of the drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses.
- Withdrawal (Incorrect. Drug withdrawal includes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued.)
- A stimulant (Incorrect. A stimulant is a drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity, including caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine.)
- A psychoactive drug (Incorrect. A psychoactive drug is a chemical substance that alters brain functioning, causing changes to consciousness, perception, mood, and thoughts.)
- Tolerance (Correct! Tolerance is linked to physiological dependence and occurs when a person requires more and more of the drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses.)
A: Tolerance

Q: ________ involves changes in normal bodily functions, where the user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use.
- Psychological dependence (Incorrect. Psychological dependence has an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress.)
- Tolerance (Incorrect. Tolerance is linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drugs to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses.)
- Substance use disorder (Incorrect. Substance use disorder is a DSM-5 diagnosis for those who show a compulsive pattern of drug use associated with both physical and psychological dependence.)
- Physical dependence (Correct! Physical dependence involves changes in normal bodily functions, where the user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use.)
A: Physical dependence

Q: Sharina has been out drinking with her friends and decides she is too drunk to drive. Which blood alcohol content (BAC) level is considered legally intoxicated in the United States?
- 0.0 (Incorrect. BAC of 0.0 is sober.)
- 0.40 (Incorrect. BAC levels above 0.40 are potentially fatal.)
- 0.10 (Incorrect. BAC levels above 0.08 are considered very impaired.)
- 0.08 (Correct! Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. In the United States a BAC of 0.08 is legally intoxicated.)
A: 0.08

Q: Raul has been a heavy drinker nearly all his adult life. At age 50, he begins having some problems with his health and also has some issues with memory loss that have worried his family. After bringing it up with his physician, they feel that Raul may have
- cancer. (Incorrect. The only cancer that would affect cognition would be brain cancer, and there is a very loose correlation to alcohol use for onset.)
- liver damage. (Incorrect. With heavy drinkers, there is generally a great deal of liver damage, and/or cirrhosis of the liver, but this would not affect cognitive functioning.)
- diazepam. (Incorrect. Diazepam is a benzodiazepine medication used for alcohol detoxification.)
- Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. (Correct! Heavy drinking can result in mental illness, delirium tremens, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (memory loss), irregular heartbeat, an impaired immune response, liver cirrhosis, and increased cancer risk.)
A: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

Q: Regina attends a college reunion party and has two drinks. At this point she is likely feeling ________, though if she continues to drink she will probably feel ________.
- relaxed; euphoric (Incorrect. At rather low doses, alcohol use is associated with feelings of euphoria. As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control.)
- hyper; relaxed (Incorrect. At rather low doses, alcohol use is associated with feelings of euphoria. As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control.)
- disoriented; alert (Incorrect. At rather low doses, alcohol use is associated with feelings of euphoria. As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control.)
- euphoric; sedated (Correct. At rather low doses, alcohol use is associated with feelings of euphoria. As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control.)
A: euphoric; sedated

Q: ________ is considered a depressant because it suppresses central nervous activity.
- Opium (Incorrect. Alcohol is a depressant that suppresses central nervous activity.)
- Cocaine (Incorrect. Alcohol is a depressant that suppresses central nervous activity.)
- Marijuana (Incorrect. Alcohol is a depressant that suppresses central nervous activity.)
- Alcohol (Correct. Alcohol is a depressant that suppresses central nervous activity.)
A: Alcohol

Q: Depressants are ________ of the GABA neurotransmitter, which has a quieting effect on the brain.
- antagonists (Incorrect. Antagonists are a substance that block the action of an agonist.)
- inhibitors (Incorrect. An inhibitor is a substance that slows down or prevents a particular chemical reaction.)
- stimulants (Incorrect. A stimulant is a substance that raises levels of physiological or nervous activity in the brain.)
- agonists (Correct! Agonists are a substance that initiate a physiological response to a receptor.)
A: agonists

Q: Alcohol and barbiturates are examples of
- stimulants. (Incorrect. Alcohol and barbiturates are examples of depressants.)
- hallucinogens. (Incorrect. Alcohol and barbiturates are examples of depressants)
- identity crisis. (Incorrect. Alcohol and barbiturates are examples of depressants)
- depressants. (Correct. Alcohol and barbiturates are examples of depressants.)
A: depressants.

Q: ________ is diagnosed by the recent ingestion of alcohol and clinically significant problematic behavioral or psychological changes that developed during, or shortly after, alcohol ingestion.
- Alcohol withdrawal (Incorrect. Alcohol withdrawal describes a set of symptoms that can occur following a reduction in alcohol use after a period of excessive use.)
- Alcohol hallucinosis (Incorrect. Alcohol hallucinosis is when patients have transient visual, auditory, or tactile hallucinations, but are otherwise clear.)
- Delirium tremens (Incorrect. Delirium tremens is the rapid onset of confusion usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol.)
- Alcohol intoxication (Correct! Alcohol intoxication is diagnosed by the recent ingestion of alcohol and clinically significant problematic behavioral or psychological changes that developed during, or shortly after, alcohol ingestion.)
A: Alcohol intoxication

Q: Drinking during pregnancy can result in
- Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. (Incorrect. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (memory loss), irregular heartbeat, an impaired immune response, liver cirrhosis, and increased cancer risk.)
- mental illness. (Incorrect. While alcoholism can result in mental illness, it is not specific to drinking during pregnancy.)
- delirium tremens. (Incorrect. Delirium tremens is the rapid onset of confusion usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol and is not specific to drinking during pregnancy.)
- fetal alcohol syndrome disorders. (Correct! Drinking during pregnancy can result in fetal alcohol syndrome disorders.)
A: fetal alcohol syndrome disorders.

Q: To be diagnosed with a mild alcohol use disorder, a person must display at least two symptoms of the 11 listed in the DSM-5. Which of the following is NOT a question posed in one of the DSM-5 criteria for alcohol use disorder?
- Have you ever wanted a drink so badly you couldn’t think of anything else? (Incorrect. This is a question posed in the DSM-5 criteria for alcohol use disorder.)
- Have you, more than once, wanted to cut down or stop drinking, or tried to, but couldn’t? (Incorrect. This is a question posed in the DSM-5 criteria for alcohol use disorder.)
- Have you continued to drink even though it was making you feel depressed or anxious or adding to another health problem? (Incorrect. This is a question posed in the DSM-5 criteria for alcohol use disorder.)
- Have you had at least one drink once a week for over a year? (Correct. This is not a question posed in the DSM-5 criteria for alcohol use disorder.)
A: Have you had at least one drink once a week for over a year?

Q: The severity of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is based on
- number of euphoric and lowered social inhibition episodes. (Incorrect. Euphoria and lowered social inhibition are effects of alcohol intoxication central to alcohol's desirability.)
- the number of health problems faced as a result of drinking. (Incorrect. While alcohol usage may result in health problems, this does not determine the severity of AUD.)
- the number of impairment in attention or memory episodes. (Incorrect. While impairment in attention or memory episodes are criteria for diagnosing AUD, this does not solely determine the severity of AUD.)
- the number of criteria met in the DSM-5. (Correct! The severity of AUD is based on the number of criteria met in the DSM-5.)
A: the number of criteria met in the DSM-5.

Q: These drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system and are often associated with rewards and cravings.
- depressants (Incorrect. Depressants tend to suppress central nervous system activity.)
- alcohol (Incorrect. Alcohol is the most widely used substance and is a central nervous system depressant.)
- hypnotics (Incorrect. Hypnotics are drugs whose main purposes are to initiate, sustain, or lengthen sleep.)
- stimulants (Correct! Stimulants act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system and are often associated with rewards and cravings.)
A: stimulants

Q: Which drug has a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine, in that it blocks the reuptake of dopamine?
- caffeine (Incorrect. Caffeine, the most commonly used drug in the world, involves antagonizing adenosine activity.)
- benzodiazepines (Benzodiazepines serve as agonists of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system.)
- nicotine (Incorrect. Nicotine is a parasympathomimetic stimulant that attaches to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain.)
- amphetamines (Correct! Amphetamines have a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release and are often prescribed to children diagnosed with ADHD.)
A: amphetamines

Q: The use of ________ causes rapid weight loss, cardiovascular effects such as an increase in heart rate; respirations and blood pressure; emotional or mental side effects such as paranoia, anxiety, and aggression; and a change in the survival pathway known as the reward/reinforcement pathway in our brains.
- alcohol (Incorrect. The use of alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control.)
- depressants (Incorrect. The use of depressants tends to suppress central nervous system activity.)
- barbiturates (Incorrect. Barbiturates serve as agonists of the GABA neurotransmitter system, which has a quieting effect on the brain.)
- stimulants (Correct! The use of stimulants in humans causes rapid weight loss, cardiovascular effects such as an increase in heart rate; respirations and blood pressure; emotional or mental side effects such as paranoia, anxiety, and aggression; and a change in the survival pathway known as the reward/reinforcement pathway in our brains.)
A: stimulants

Q: ________ increase overall levels of neural activity.
- Antipsychotics (Incorrect. Antipsychotics are tranquilizers.)
- Depressants (Incorrect. Depressants reduce arousal in various areas of the brain.)
- Hallucinogens (Incorrect. Hallucinogens are a psychoactive agent.)
- Stimulants (Correct. Stimulants increase levels of neural activity.)
A: Stimulants

Q: Most stimulants are ________ for the neurotransmitter dopamine.
- antagonists (Incorrect. Stimulants are agonists (which initiate) the neurotransmitter dopamine.)
- inhibitors (Incorrect. Stimulants are agonists (which initiate) the neurotransmitter dopamine.)
- blocks (Incorrect. Stimulants are agonists (which initiate) the neurotransmitter dopamine.)
- agonists (Correct. Stimulants are agonists (which initiate) the neurotransmitter dopamine.)
A: agonists

Q: What is the most commonly used stimulant in the world?
- nicotine (Incorrect. Caffeine is the most commonly used stimulant in the world.)
- amphetamine (Incorrect. Caffeine is the most commonly used stimulant in the world.)
- marijuana (Incorrect. Caffeine is the most commonly used stimulant in the world.)
- caffeine (Correct! Caffeine is the most commonly used stimulant in the world.)
A: caffeine

Q: Stimulants include
- alcohol and marijuana. (Incorrect. Nicotine and cocaine are both classified as stimulants.)
- LSD and methamphetamine. (Incorrect. Nicotine and cocaine are both classified as stimulants.)
- aspirin and codeine. (Incorrect. Nicotine and cocaine are both classified as stimulants.)
- nicotine and cocaine. (Correct. Nicotine and cocaine are both classified as stimulants.)
A: nicotine and cocaine.

Q: Which statement correctly describes someone who has a stimulant use disorder?
- Sally used cocaine twice during the past month. (Incorrect. There is not enough information here to determine if Sally has developed a stimulant use disorder. We need to know if she meets at least two of the criteria spelled out in the DSM-5.)
- Cenetria has smoked meth every weekend for nearly two years and suffers from mood swings if she doesn’t get it at her usual time. (Incorrect. While it sounds like Cenetria has developed a dependence on the drug, there is not enough information here to determine if she has developed a stimulant use disorder. We need to know if she meets at least two of the criteria spelled out in the DSM-5.)
- Doug has smoked cigarettes for nearly forty years. While he says he’s not dependent on the drug, he’s never tried stopping. (Incorrect. There is not enough information here to determine if Doug has developed a stimulant use disorder. We need to know if he meets at least two of the criteria spelled out in the DSM-5.)
- James craves caffeine, has tried to cut down on his consumption, has developed a tolerance for it, and has had to forego some social activities because of his reliance on caffeine. (Correct. We often don’t think of caffeine as being addictive as other stimulants, but a person can still meet the criteria for a stimulant use disorder based on an extreme reliance on caffeine.)
A: James craves caffeine, has tried to cut down on his consumption, has developed a tolerance for it, and has had to forego some social activities because of his reliance on caffeine.

Q: ________ is marked by clinically significant problematic behavioral or psychological changes that developed during, or shortly after, use of a stimulant.
- Stimulant withdrawal (Incorrect. Stimulant withdrawal is marked by significant behavioral and psychological changes following the cessation of prolonged amphetamine-type substance, cocaine, or other stimulant use.)
- Euphoric high (Incorrect. Euphoric high is the feeling of intense elation and pleasure from drug use.)
- Methamphetamine (Incorrect. Methamphetamine is a type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug, that is widely manufactured and abused.)
- Stimulant intoxication (Correct! Stimulant intoxication is marked by clinically significant problematic behavioral or psychological changes that developed during, or shortly after, use of a stimulant.)
A: Stimulant intoxication

Q: ________ combines caffeine dependency with a wide range of unpleasant symptoms including nervousness, irritability, restlessness, insomnia, headaches, and palpitations after caffeine use.
- Caffeine overdose (Incorrect. Caffeine overdose results in a state of central nervous system overstimulation known as caffeine intoxication.)
- Caffeine intoxication (Incorrect. Caffeine intoxication is the central nervous system overstimulation, a clinically significant temporary condition that develops during, or shortly after, the consumption of caffeine.)
- Caffeine addiction (Incorrect. Caffeine addiction is not recognized by the DSM-5 as a substance abuse disorder, but may be studied in the future.)
- Caffeinism (Correct! Caffeinism combines caffeine dependency with a wide range of unpleasant symptoms including nervousness, irritability, restlessness, insomnia, headaches, and palpitations after caffeine use.)
A: Caffeinism

Q: ________ is a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs.
- Codeine (Incorrect. Codeine is an opioid with relatively low potency.)
- Methamphetamine (Incorrect. Methamphetamine, a stimulant, is a type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug, that is widely manufactured and abused.)
- Cocaine (Incorrect. Cocaine is a stimulant.)
- Methadone (Correct! Methadone is a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs.)
A: Methadone

Q: Opioids are used in medical settings primarily because
- they can be injected intravenously. (Incorrect. Heroin is often administered via intravenous injection.)
- they have a low level of abuse. (Incorrect. Opioids have an extremely high potential for abuse.)
- they are widely available in poppy plants. (Although opiates, derivatives of opium, are a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant, this is not why opium is used in medical settings.)
- of the pain-relieving properties. (Correct! Opioids are used in medical settings primarily because of the pain-relieving properties.)
A: of the pain-relieving properties.

Q: In the United States, a majority of heroin users begin by using
- caffeine. (Incorrect. Caffeine, a stimulant, is often used to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal.)
- nicotine. (Incorrect. Nicotine plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms.)
- cocaine. (Incorrect. Cocaine is a highly addictive stimulant that can heighten activity in the body, including heart rate and alertness.)
- prescription opioids. (Correct! In the United States, a majority of heroin users begin by using prescription opioids.)
A: prescription opioids.

Q: Our bodies naturally produce ________ to reduce pain and produce euphoria.
- amphetamine (Incorrect. Opioids are drugs that mimic natural painkillers in the body.)
- dopamine (Incorrect. Opioids are drugs that mimic natural painkillers in the body.)
- caffeine (Incorrect. Opioids are drugs that mimic natural painkillers in the body.)
- opioids (Correct! Opioids are narcotics that act on opioid receptors which mimic natural painkillers in the body.)
A: opioids

Q: ________ is the major opioid drug of abuse.
- Codeine (Incorrect. Codeine is a pain reliever used to treat mild to moderate pain.)
- Cocaine (Incorrect. Cocaine is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug. Mental effects may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of happiness, or agitation.)
- Marijuana (Incorrect. Heroin is an opioid most commonly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects.)
- Heroin (Correct. Heroin is an opioid most commonly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects.)
A: Heroin

Q: ________ is sometimes administered as a way for people to overcome heroin addictions.
- Codeine (Incorrect. Methadone is used to prevent withdrawal symptoms in patients who were addicted to opiate drugs.)
- Cough suppressant (Incorrect. Methadone is used to prevent withdrawal symptoms in patients who were addicted to opiate drugs.)
- Caffeine (Incorrect. Methadone is used to prevent withdrawal symptoms in patients who were addicted to opiate drugs.)
- Methadone (Correct. Methadone is used to prevent withdrawal symptoms in patients who were addicted to opiate drugs.)
A: Methadone

Q: A strong desire to use heroin, increased tolerance to heroin, difficulty fulfilling obligations, trouble reducing use, and withdrawal symptoms with discontinuation are all signs of a/an
- opioid withdrawal. (Incorrect. This description applies to the use of heroin and not just the withdrawal.)
- stimulant use disorder. (Incorrect. Heroin is an opioid, not a stimulant.)
- stimulant use withdrawal. (Incorrect. Heroin is an opioid, not a stimulant, and this description applies to more than just withdrawal symptoms.)
- opioid use disorder. (Correct! Heroin is a type of opioid, and these are all signs of the disorder, as indicated by meeting at least two of the eleven criteria identified in the DSM-5.)
A: opioid use disorder.

Q: ________ contribute to the most lethal drug epidemic in American history.
- Methamphetamines (Incorrect. Methamphetamine continues to be an easily accessible and relatively inexpensive drug option, but is not the most lethal drug epidemic.)
- Caffeine (Incorrect. Caffeine is generally considered a relatively safe drug.)
- Methadone (Incorrect. Methadone helps people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms.)
- Opioids (Correct! Opioid-related death is the most lethal drug epidemic in American history.)
A: Opioids

Q: Which patient may be more likely to use opioids?
- a patient with high levels of endorphins (Incorrect. A high level of endorphins is similar to a runner’s high, making the patient less likely to use opioids.)
- a patient who wants to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal (Incorrect. A patient may rely on coffee to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal.)
- a patient who seeks arousal and rewards within the central nervous system (Incorrect. Nicotine exerts its effects through its interaction with acetylcholine receptors.)
- a patient deficient in dopamine (Correct! Patients deficient in neurotransmitters such as dopamine may be more likely to seek external sources of endorphins found in opioids.)
A: a patient deficient in dopamine

Q: Which drug’s main purpose is to initiate, sustain, or lengthen sleep?
- sedative (Incorrect. Sedative describes sleep-inducing drugs that serve to calm or relieve anxiety.)
- anxiolytic (Incorrect. Anxiolytic drugs, like Xanax or Valium, are used to reduce and treat anxiety.)
- opioids (Incorrect. Opioids have strong analgesic properties and have little impact on sleep patterns.)
- hypnotic (Correct! Hypnotic describes drugs whose main purpose is to initiate, sustain, or lengthen sleep.)
A: hypnotic

Q: What is the goal of sedative drugs?
- initiate, sustain, or lengthen sleep (Incorrect. Hypnotic drugs initiate, sustain, or lengthen sleep.)
- reduce and treat anxiety (Incorrect. Anxiolytic drugs are used to reduce and treat anxiety.)
- decrease pain (Incorrect. Opioids decrease pain.)
- to calm or relieve anxiety (Correct! Sedative drugs serve to calm or relieve anxiety with sleep.)
A: to calm or relieve anxiety

Q: Which medications, known for reducing anxiety, are also known as minor tranquilizers?
- hypnotics (Incorrect. Hypnotic drugs produce drowsiness and initiate sleep.)
- codeine (Incorrect. Codeine is prescribed for minor pain.)
- opioids (Incorrect. Opioids have analgesic properties and decrease pain.)
- anxiolytics (Correct! Anxiolytic drugs decrease activity, moderate excitement and have a calming effect.)
A: anxiolytics

Q: ________ is a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.
- Stimulant (Incorrect. Stimulants are drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity.)
- Opioid (Incorrect. Opioids have analgesic properties that decrease pain.)
- Alcohol (Incorrect. Alcohol is a depressant drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity.)
- Hallucinogen (Correct! A hallucinogen is a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.)
A: Hallucinogen

Q: This drug category has been used for religious rituals.
- barbiturates (Incorrect. Barbiturates have GABA agonists that have a quieting effect and may be prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia.)
- cocaine (Incorrect. Cocaine use leads to an increase in energy, a reduced appetite, an increased alertness, and a boost in confidence.)
- MDMA (Incorrect. MDMA is a psychoactive drug primarily used for recreational purposes to achieve increased energy and pleasure.)
- hallucinogens (Correct! People have used hallucinogens for religious or healing rituals. More recently, people report using these drugs for recreational purposes, to deal with stress, or just to feel different.)
A: hallucinogens

Q: This hallucinogen was developed in the 1950s as a general anesthetic for surgery.
- ketamine (Incorrect. Ketamine is used as a surgery anesthetic for humans and animals.)
- dextromethorphan (Incorrect. Dextromethorphan is a cough suppressant and mucus-clearing ingredient in some over-the-counter cold and cough medicines.)
- salvia (Incorrect. Salvia is a plant common to southern Mexico and Central and South America. Salvia is typically ingested by chewing fresh leaves or by drinking their extracted juices.)
- PCP (Correct! PCP was developed in the 1950s as a general anesthetic for surgery, but it is no longer used for this purpose due to serious side effects.)
A: PCP

Q: Which drugs could best be defined as psychoactive drugs that alter sensation and perception and that may create hallucinations?
- stimulants (That's incorrect. The four primary classes of psychoactive drugs are stimulants, depressants, opioids, and hallucinogens. The drugs that produce the most extreme alteration of consciousness are the hallucinogens. Hallucinogens are defined as psychoactive drugs that alter sensation and perception and that may create hallucinations. The hallucinogens are frequently known as “psychedelics.” Drugs in this class include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD or “acid”), mescaline, and phencyclidine (PCP), as well as a number of natural plants including cannabis (marijuana), peyote, and psilocybin (shrooms).)
- opioids (That's incorrect. The four primary classes of psychoactive drugs are stimulants, depressants, opioids, and hallucinogens. The drugs that produce the most extreme alteration of consciousness are the hallucinogens. Hallucinogens are defined as psychoactive drugs that alter sensation and perception and that may create hallucinations. The hallucinogens are frequently known as “psychedelics.” Drugs in this class include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD or “acid”), mescaline, and phencyclidine (PCP), as well as a number of natural plants including cannabis (marijuana), peyote, and psilocybin (shrooms).)
- depressants (That's incorrect! The four primary classes of psychoactive drugs are stimulants, depressants, opioids, and hallucinogens. A depressant is a psychoactive drug that reduces the activity of the CNS. Depressants are widely used as prescription medicines to relieve pain, to lower heart rate and respiration, and as anticonvulsants. A stimulant is a psychoactive drug that operates by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the synapses of the CNS. Opioids are chemicals that increase activity in opioid receptor neurons in the brain and in the digestive system, producing euphoria, analgesia, slower breathing, and constipation. The drugs that produce the most extreme alteration of consciousness are the hallucinogens, which are psychoactive drugs that alter sensation and perception.)
- hallucinogens (That's correct! The four primary classes of psychoactive drugs are stimulants, depressants, opioids, and hallucinogens. The drugs that produce the most extreme alteration of consciousness are the hallucinogens. Hallucinogens are defined as psychoactive drugs that alter sensation and perception and that may create hallucinations. The hallucinogens are frequently known as “psychedelics.” Drugs in this class include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD or “acid”), mescaline, and phencyclidine (PCP), as well as a number of natural plants including cannabis (marijuana), peyote, and psilocybin (shrooms).)
A: hallucinogens

Q: Which disorder includes non-psychotic flashbacks, visual hallucinations, or distortions?
- phencyclidine use disorder (PCP) (Incorrect. PCP is a drug used for its mind-altering effects. PCP may cause hallucinations, distorted perceptions of sounds, and violent behavior.)
- phencyclidine intoxication (Incorrect. Phencyclidine intoxication occurs when a person’s mental capacity to recognize reality, communicate, and relate to others is impaired.)
- inhalant use disorder (Incorrect. Inhalant use disorder is defined as a problematic pattern of use of a hydrocarbon-based inhalant substance leading to clinically significant impairment or distress.)
- hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) (Correct! Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is a chronic disorder in which a person has non-psychotic flashbacks of visual hallucinations or distortions.)
A: hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD)

Q: Which disorder is associated with using household and industrial propellants like glues and fuels as recreational drugs for their intoxicating effect?
- hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (Incorrect. Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is a chronic disorder in which a person has non-psychotic flashbacks of visual hallucinations or distortions.)
- phencyclidine (PCP) intoxication (Incorrect. Phencyclidine (PCP) intoxication occurs when a person’s mental capacity to recognize reality, communicate, and relate to others is impaired.)
- phencyclidine use disorder (PCP) (Incorrect. PCP is a drug used for its mind-altering effects. PCP may cause hallucinations, distorted perceptions of sounds, and violent behavior.)
- inhalant use disorder (Correct! Using household and industrial propellants like glues and fuels as recreational drugs for their intoxicating effect is known as inhalant use disorder.)
A: inhalant use disorder

Q: The only certain cause of ________ is the prior use of hallucinogens.
- opioid use disorder (Incorrect. Genetics may play a role in the development of opioid use disorder.)
- PCP disorder (Incorrect. PCP was initially developed in 1926 and brought to market as an anesthetic medication in the 1950s.)
- stimulant disorder (Incorrect. Stimulant use disorder is a pattern of amphetamine-type substance, cocaine, or other stimulant use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress.)
- HPPD (Correct! The only certain cause for HPPD is prior use of hallucinogens.)
A: HPPD

Q: Long-term adverse effects of this drug may include addiction, decreased mental ability in those who started regular use as adolescents, chronic coughing, and susceptibility to respiratory infections.
- heroin (Incorrect. Heroin users have an initial feeling of euphoria followed by periods of agitation and an increased risk for contraction of both tuberculosis and HIV.)
- hypnotics (Incorrect. Hypnotic drugs are habit-forming and, due to many factors, known to disturb the human sleep pattern.)
- MDMA (Incorrect. Adverse effects of MDMA include addiction, memory problems, paranoia, difficulty sleeping, blurred vision, sweating, and a rapid heartbeat.)
- cannabis (Correct! Long-term adverse effects for cannabis may include addiction, decreased mental ability in those who started regular use as adolescents, chronic coughing, and susceptibility to respiratory infections.)
A: cannabis

Q: Which is the most commonly identified illicit substance used by people admitted to treatment facilities?
- LSD (Incorrect. Approximately 10 percent of people in the United States have used LSD at some point in their lives, while 0.7 percent have used it in the last year.)
- PCP (Incorrect. As of 2017 in the United States, about 1% of people in grade 12 reported using PCP in the prior year while 2.9% of those over the age of 25 reported using it at some point in their lives.)
- stimulants (Incorrect. From 2015–2016, 6.6% of adults in the United States used prescription stimulants overall.)
- cannabis (Correct! Cannabis is the most commonly identified illicit substance used by people admitted to treatment facilities. In the United States, between 42% and 49% of people have used cannabis.)
A: cannabis

Q: Which psychoactive drug, used for recreational or medical purposes, may have side effects to include euphoria, difficulty concentrating, relaxation, and an increase in appetite?
- stimulants (Incorrect. The use of stimulants in humans causes rapid weight loss, an increase in heart rate, paranoia, anxiety, and a reduced appetite.)
- alcohol (Alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control.)
- heroin (Incorrect. The use of heroin is associated with an initial feeling of euphoria followed by periods of agitation.)
- cannabis (Correct! Cannabis has various mental and physical effects, which include euphoria, altered states of mind and sense of time, difficulty concentrating, impaired short-term memory and body movement, relaxation, and an increase in appetite.)
A: cannabis

Q: Which idea proposes that an individual uses a substance or any exogenous influence to self-administer treatment for physical or psychological ailments?
- expectancy theory (Incorrect. Expectancy theory proposes that an individual will behave or act in a certain way because they are motivated to select a specific behavior over others due to what they expect the result of that selected behavior will be.)
- personality theory (Incorrect. Personality theories of addiction is a model that associates personality traits or modes of thinking with an individual’s proclivity for developing an addiction.)
- epigenetic inheritance (Incorrect. Epigenetic inheritance is the phenomenon in which environmental influences on the genes of a parent can affect the associated traits and behavioral phenotypes of their offspring.)
- self-medication hypothesis (Correct! Self-medication hypothesis is the idea that an individual uses a substance or any exogenous influence to self-administer treatment for physical or psychological ailments.)
A: self-medication hypothesis

Q: Which factor probably plays a bigger role in determining the risk of an individual developing an addiction?
- education (Incorrect. Alcohol dependence or addiction rates were shown to have no correspondence with a person’s education level.)
- mental illness (Incorrect. There is a definite connection between mental illness and the use of addictive substances; however, it is not the primary risk factor for addiction.)
- age (Incorrect. Statistics have shown that those who start to drink alcohol at a younger age are more likely to become dependent later on; however, age is not the primary indicator for addiction.)
- genetics (Correct! Genetic factors account for 40–60% of the risk factors for alcoholism and addiction.)
A: genetics

Q: Gregory has been smoking for 31 years and is ready to finally quit. Which drugs would be an option for treating his nicotine addiction?
- acetaminophen (Incorrect. Acetaminophen is for minor pain relief for headaches and/or pain and aches.)
- topiramate (Incorrect. Topiramate is effective in treating withdrawal symptoms for alcohol.)
- alpha-blockers and benzodiazepines (Incorrect. Alpha-blockers and benzodiazepines are effective treatments for cocaine intoxication.)
- bupropion and varenicline (Correct! Bupropion and varenicline are two prescription medications approved for nicotine addiction.)
A: bupropion and varenicline

Q: Which withdrawal should be done under medical supervision to prevent potentially deadly withdrawal symptoms?
- opiates (Incorrect. Withdrawal symptoms from opiates include anxiety, sweating, vomiting, and diarrhea.)
- nicotine (Incorrect. Withdrawal from nicotine can cause irritability, fatigue, insomnia, headache, and difficulty concentrating.)
- heroin (Incorrect. There are effective behavioral and pharmacological treatments available for heroin use disorder.)
- heavy alcohol use (Correct! Acute withdrawal from heavy alcohol use should be done under medical supervision to prevent a potentially deadly withdrawal syndrome known as delirium tremens.)
A: heavy alcohol use

Q: Drug addiction can be treated, but approximately ________ relapse within a year.
- 11% (Incorrect. Drug addiction can be treated, but 11% is the number of Americans who seek treatment.)
- 5% (Incorrect. Drug addiction can be treated, but there is a different percentage who relapse within a year.)
- 75% (Incorrect. Drug addiction can be treated, but there is a different percentage who relapse within a year.)
- 40–60% (Correct! Drug addiction can be treated, but approximately 40–60% relapse within a year.)
A: 40–60%

Q: Which of the following approaches helps patients learn how their thought processes play a role in developing their behavior?
- multisystemic therapy (Incorrect. Multisystemic therapy focuses on serious antisocial behavior in children and adolescents who abuse alcohol and other drugs.)
- emetic therapy (Incorrect. Emetic therapy has been used to induce aversion for cocaine dependency.)
- aversion therapy (Incorrect. Aversion therapy has been used to induce aversion for cocaine dependency.)
- cognitive-behavioral therapy (Correct! CBT is used to help patients learn how their thought processes play a role in developing their behavior.)
A: cognitive-behavioral therapy

Q: This type of therapy helps patients recognize, avoid, and cope with the situations where they are most likely to use drugs.
- multidimensional family therapy (Incorrect. Multidimensional family therapy, developed for adolescents with drug abuse problems, addresses a range of influences on their drug abuse patterns and is designed to improve overall family functioning.)
- motivational interviewing (Incorrect. Motivational interviewing makes the most of people’s readiness to change their behavior and enter treatment.)
- motivational incentives (Incorrect. Motivational incentives use positive reinforcement to encourage abstinence from drugs.)
- cognitive-behavioral therapy (Correct! Cognitive-behavioral therapy helps patients recognize, avoid, and cope with the situations in which they are most likely to use drugs.)
A: cognitive-behavioral therapy

Q: Which of the following is a highly structured program where both staff and those in recovery influence attitudes and behaviors associated with drug use?
- shorter-term residential treatment (Incorrect. Shorter-term residential treatment focuses on detoxification as well as intensive counseling and preparation for treatment in a community-based setting.)
- recovery housing (Incorrect. Recovery housing provides supervised, short-term housing for patients to help make the transition to an independent life.)
- mutual help groups (Incorrect. Mutual help groups provide each other with various types of help for a particular characteristic and opportunities to share coping strategies.)
- therapeutic communities (Correct! Therapeutic communities are highly structured programs where the entire community, including treatment staff and those in recovery, act as key agents of change, influencing the patient’s attitudes and behaviors associated with drug use.)
A: therapeutic communities

Q: Richard is a college sophomore who enjoys school, but with the recent switch to virtual learning, finds he has more time than expected in his daily schedule. He enjoys cannabis, but is tired of his increased hunger and appetite in the middle of the night. Recently, Richard has started experiencing a reduced ability to focus directly and is unable to verbalize full, coherent sentences because he is not able to find the right words. Which of the following may Richard be experiencing?
- cannabis induced psychotic disorder (Incorrect. Cannabis induced psychotic disorder occurs after cannabis intoxication or withdrawal, and there is the presence of delusions or hallucinations.)
- cannabis induced anxiety disorder (Incorrect. Cannabis induced anxiety disorder occurs after cannabis intoxication or withdrawal and there is the presence of panic attacks.)
- cannabis induced sleep disorder (Incorrect. Cannabis induced sleep disorder occurs after cannabis intoxication or withdrawal and there is a prominent and severe disturbance in sleep.)
- cannabis intoxication delirium (Correct! The term cannabis intoxication delirium is appropriate when an individual has taken cannabis and there is a disturbance in attention and an additional disturbance in cognition like language or perception.)
A: cannabis intoxication delirium

Q: Michael is a successful businessman, but his wife is concerned about his irritability when he arrives home after work. As soon as Michael walks in the door at home, his immediate focus is on his first cocktail of the evening. He doesn’t seem to be able to focus on anything else until he has his first of three drinks for the evening. He has tried to stop while on vacation and away from the office, but always reverts to his evening ritual, and several times has ended up drinking more. Which DSM-5 term describes Michael’s behavior?
- alcohol intoxication (Incorrect. Alcohol intoxication is diagnosed by the recent ingestion of alcohol and clinically significant problematic behavioral or psychological changes that developed during, or shortly after, alcohol ingestion.)
- alcohol withdrawal (Incorrect. Alcohol withdrawal describes a set of symptoms that can occur following a reduction in alcohol use after a period of excessive use. Symptoms typically include anxiety, shakiness, sweating, vomiting, fast heart rate, and a mild fever.)
- alcohol tolerance (Incorrect. Alcohol tolerance is not a disorder defined by the DSM-5.)
- alcohol use disorder (Correct! Alcohol use disorder is any drinking of alcohol that results in mental and/or physical health problems ranging anywhere from mild and imperceptible without special testing to severe and grossly overt.)
A: alcohol use disorder

Q: Julie recently had shoulder surgery to repair a tear in her acromioclavicular joint. She recovered successfully, but grew to like the feelings of calmness and happiness that her prescription drugs induced. She didn’t understand it was the increase in endorphins that were creating these feelings of pleasure. Sadly, the majority of Julie’s time is now spent focusing on how she will obtain this drug.
- stimulant (Incorrect. Stimulants are drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity.)
- hallucinogen (Incorrect. A hallucinogen is one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.)
- depressant (Incorrect. Depressants are drugs that tend to suppress central nervous system activity.)
- opioid (Correct! Opioids decrease pain and create feelings of pleasure.)
A: opioid