Title: Dissociative and Somatic Symptom Disorders
Course: Question bank check

Q: Jill hasn’t felt like herself lately and is experiencing many symptoms of dissociation. Which of the following symptoms may be part of her dissociation?
- high blood pressure (Incorrect. High blood pressure is not considered a symptom of dissociation. Dissociation symptoms include disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and/or behavior.)
- increased heart rate (Incorrect. Increased heart rate is not considered a symptom of dissociation. Dissociation symptoms include disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and/or behavior.)
- physical pain (Incorrect. Physical pain is not listed as one of the symptoms of dissociation according to the DSM-5. Dissociation symptoms include disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and/or behavior.)
- extensive memory loss (Correct! Disruptions in memory is one of the symptoms of dissociation according to the DSM-5.)
A: extensive memory loss

Q: Mohammed often feels like he’s watching himself in a dream and feels detached from his own emotions. What symptom of dissociation is Mohammed most likely experiencing?
- derealization (Not quite right. While similar to Mohammed’s symptoms, derealization deals with the external world and an alteration in one’s surroundings, whereas depersonalization deals more with the detachment from one’s self and disconnection from one’s feelings.)
- dissociative amnesia (Incorrect. Dissociative amnesia deals with a form of temporary memory loss. Mohammed is experiencing depersonalization and disconnection from himself.)
- identity confusion (Incorrect. While Mohammed is experiencing depersonalization (i.e., detachment of himself and his emotions), there is no indication that he is confused about who he is.)
- depersonalization (Correct! Depersonalization is when someone feels detached or estranged from themselves and as if they are looking at themselves from a distance. They may also experience a deprivation of feelings.)
A: depersonalization

Q: Wanjiko didn’t respond when her mother kept calling her name for dinner. When her mother asked why she didn’t answer, she replied, “I don’t know who you are talking about. I’m Samantha.” What symptom of dissociation does Wanjiko appear to have?
- depersonalization (Incorrect. Wanjiko appears to be experiencing confusion of her identity, not a detachment from herself and her emotions.)
- derealization (Incorrect. Wanjiko is showing identity confusion, not a sense that the external world is lost to her.)
- disruption of emotion (Incorrect. Wanjiko seems to be experiencing identity confusion, not an interference with her emotions.)
- identity confusion (Correct! Wanjiko seems to have some uncertainty about her identity since she stopped responding to her name and provided a different name when her mother asked what was wrong.)
A: identity confusion

Q: Tori came home from college and found their father alone in the house. Tori’s father wasn’t breathing and it was later determined he had died of a heart attack. For three days, Tori could not be found after this traumatic event. Tori was later discovered wandering in a nearby city and did not immediately recall who she was. Eventually Tori regained memory of her identity as she grieved her father’s passing. What disorder seems to match most closely to Tori’s behaviors?
- dissociative amnesia (Not quite right. The answer is very close but there is something more specific about this case due to Tori’s wandering, which implies a fugue episode. Dissociative fugue is a sub-specifier of dissociative amnesia.)
- depersonalization/derealization disorder (Incorrect. While people with this disorder may feel detached from themselves and reality, they don’t have amnesia for their personal identity and end up wandering aimlessly, as we see with Tori’s case.)
- dissociative identity disorder (Incorrect. While Tori had some disruptions with her identity, there was no indication that she had two or more distinct personalities occurring at the same time.)
- dissociative fugue (Correct! Tori experienced a traumatic event that triggered a temporary memory loss of her personal identity and she wandered away from home for several days without knowing who she was (i.e., dissociative fugue).)
A: dissociative fugue

Q: Thao woke up in the middle of the night to a man holding a knife to her throat. The next thing she remembered was waking up in an emergency room where doctors were examining her after arriving by an ambulance. She had no brain trauma, but could not remember what happened after the man appeared in her bedroom. Thao most likely experienced
- dissociative fugue. (Incorrect. While Thao experienced a traumatic event that she could not recall later on, there is no indication she was wandering aimlessly or had confusion in her identity. She appears to have dissociative amnesia due to her inability to remember this stressful experience without dissociative fugue.)
- depersonalization/derealization disorder. (Incorrect. Thao doesn’t appear to be experiencing detachment from herself and her feelings or from the external world. Her inability to recall the trauma she experiences is typical of dissociative amnesia.)
- dissociative identity disorder. (Incorrect. Thao doesn’t appear to have two or more distinct personality states. She experienced a traumatic event and now cannot recall the details, which would be indicative of dissociative amnesia.)
- dissociative amnesia. (Correct! Dissociative amnesia typically follows a traumatic event where the person cannot recall personal information, such a partial or total forgetting of the experience or event.)
A: dissociative amnesia.

Q: José witnessed a major earthquake that destroyed his home, leaving him and his family temporarily homeless. He cannot recall many details about the earthquake and what he did afterwards to survive. José appears to be experiencing symptoms of
- dissociative fugue. (Incorrect. There is no information suggesting that José wandered aimlessly and had confusion about his identity. José experienced a traumatic event that caused partial memory loss only, which is indicative of dissociative amnesia.)
- depersonalization/derealization disorder. (Incorrect. José doesn’t appear to be experiencing detachment from himself and his feelings or from the external world. José experienced a traumatic event that caused partial memory loss, which is indicative of dissociative amnesia.)
- dissociative identity disorder. (Incorrect. José doesn’t appear to have two or more distinct personalities. José experienced a traumatic event that caused partial memory loss, which is indicative of dissociative amnesia.)
- dissociative amnesia. (Correct! José experienced a traumatic event that caused some partial memory loss of the situation.)
A: dissociative amnesia.

Q: Carrie was bullied terribly by her peers for years. When she went to the prom, she noticed that she felt like an outside observer of herself and disconnected from her own memories and feelings. When watching her classmates dance and have fun, she felt like she was in a movie and detached from her surroundings. What disorder does Carrie appear to be experiencing symptoms of?
- dissociative fugue (Incorrect. While Carrie did experience some trauma, there was no indication she had severe memory loss of her identity and that she fled the situation. She seems to be disconnected from herself and the external world, which is more indicative of depersonalization/derealization disorder.)
- dissociative amnesia (Incorrect. While Carrie experienced some terrible bullying in her youth and had some disconnection from her memories, there is no indication the memory loss was severe as a result of her trauma. She seems to be disconnected from herself and the external world, which is more indicative of depersonalization/derealization disorder.)
- dissociative identity disorder (Incorrect. While Carrie experienced some trauma in her youth, there are no signs that she has developed two or more distinct personalities. She seems to be disconnected from herself and the external world, which is more indicative of depersonalization/derealization disorder.)
- depersonalization/derealization disorder (Correct! Carrie appears to show symptoms of depersonalization where she is disconnected from her own feelings and memories as well as derealization where she is detached from the external world.)
A: depersonalization/derealization disorder

Q: Miriam often daydreams in class, but lately she feels like the daydreaming has gone too far. She is having a hard time distinguishing what is real and what is not and even had an out-of-body experience where she was floating above her desk and watching herself take an exam. What disorder does Miriam appear to have symptoms of?
- dissociative fugue (Incorrect. There doesn’t appear to be any indication that Miriam has an extreme memory loss related to her identity and that she has left her surroundings suddenly. She appears disconnected from herself and her surroundings, which is more indicative of depersonalization/derealization disorder.)
- dissociative amnesia (Incorrect. There doesn’t appear to be any indication that Miriam has extreme psychological memory loss. She appears disconnected from herself and her surroundings, which is more indicative of depersonalization/derealization disorder.)
- dissociative identity disorder (Incorrect. Miriam has not expressed a belief that she has two or more distinct personalities. She appears disconnected from herself and her surroundings, which is more indicative of depersonalization/derealization disorder.)
- depersonalization/depersonalization disorder (Correct! Miriam appears to have symptoms of depersonalization where she is disconnected from herself and derealization because she is having difficulty discerning what is real or unreal around her.)
A: depersonalization/depersonalization disorder

Q: Larry was recently diagnosed with depersonalization/derealization disorder. When he feels disconnected from the external world, these are ________ symptoms, while his inability to feel any emotions are ________ symptoms.
- depersonalization; derealization (Incorrect. Larry’s detachment from his surroundings (i.e., the external world) is indicative of derealization symptoms while his emotional numbness is a depersonalization symptom.)
- fugue; amnesia (Incorrect. There is no indication that Larry has identity confusion and has fled his area (fugue) nor that he has any severe memory loss (amnesia). His disconnection from the external world is indicative of derealization symptoms while his inability to experience emotions is a depersonalization symptom.)
- amnesia; fugue (Incorrect. There is no indication that Larry has severe memory loss (amnesia) nor that he has identity confusion and has fled his area (fugue). His disconnection from the external world is indicative of derealization symptoms while his inability to experience emotions is a depersonalization symptom.)
- derealization; depersonalization (Correct! Larry’s disconnection from his surroundings is indicative of derealization symptoms while his emotional numbness is a depersonalization symptom.)
A: derealization; depersonalization

Q: A middle-aged woman was experiencing significant distress in her life and reported recurrent gaps in memory for everyday events. When she was evaluated at her local mental health center, she described her distinct personalities as Shakira, Milly, and the “other one.” What disorder does she appear to have?
- dissociative fugue (Incorrect. While this woman does appear to have some issues related to her identity, there is no indication she has traveled and created a singular identity. She presents with two or more distinct personalities, has recurrent gaps of information in her life, and is experiencing significant distress, which are all symptoms of dissociative identity disorder.)
- depersonalization/derealization disorder (Incorrect. The woman isn’t reporting a specific detachment from herself and her surroundings. She presents with two or more distinct personalities, has recurrent gaps of information in her life, and is experiencing significant distress, which are all symptoms of dissociative identity disorder.)
- dissociative amnesia (Incorrect. While there are some gaps in her memory, there appears to be more than just memory loss with her symptoms. She presents with two or more distinct personalities, has recurrent gaps of information in her life, and is experiencing significant distress, which are all symptoms of dissociative identity disorder.)
- dissociative identity disorder (Correct! This woman presents with two or more distinct identities and has recurrent gaps of information in her life that are causing significant distress.)
A: dissociative identity disorder

Q: Felipe is writing a research paper about the controversy in the diagnosis of DID. Which is a reason he may find regarding why DID is considered controversial?
- Reported cases of DID decreased in the 1980s. (Incorrect. Reported cases of DID actually increased in the 1980s, after the popularization of the disorder, in part due to the book Sybil, about a woman with 16 different personalities. This sudden increase of the diagnosis of DID was a part of the reason the disorder is considered controversial—it was believed there may have been an overdiagnosis of the disorder by clinicians.)
- Reports of children being abused has not been shown to lead to DID. (Incorrect. The majority of people with DID tend to report a history of abuse in childhood that has been confirmed through legal and medical records.)
- DID was not considered a disorder until the DSM-5 was published in 2013. (Incorrect. DID, formerly known as multiple personality disorder, was identified as a disorder in the DSM-III. In the DSM-IV, it was renamed DID and has been included in the DSM-5 under the same diagnosis.)
- Some believe DID is faked in order to avoid punishment for illegal activities. (Correct! There have been cases of people faking illness if they believe it is advantageous to do so. The case of the Hillside Strangler, Kenneth Bianchi, is an example of someone who plead innocence due to a feigned case of DID in order to avoid murder charges.)
A: Some believe DID is faked in order to avoid punishment for illegal activities.

Q: Rachel reported that she experienced severe physical and sexual abuse as a young child. She was later diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder and her clinician believes the disorder developed as a way she could cope with this terrible childhood. What theoretical model is the clinician adhering to in order to explain the cause of DID with Rachel?
- cognitive-behavioral model (Incorrect. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a form of treatment used with those who have DID, but it’s not the model that clinicians believe explains the cause of the disorder. The post-traumatic model is used by clinicians to help explain how DID may have been caused directly by severe abuse in childhood to allow people to cope with and avoid their trauma.)
- biological model (Incorrect. A biological model would focus on genetics and heritability to explain behavior. The post-traumatic model is used by clinicians to help explain how DID may have been caused directly by severe abuse in childhood to allow people to cope with and avoid their trauma.)
- behavioral model (Incorrect. The behavioral approach looks at how our environment shapes our responses, but it’s not the specific model that the clinician is using to explain the cause of DID. The post-traumatic model is used by clinicians to help explain how DID may have been caused directly by severe abuse in childhood to allow people to cope with and avoid their trauma.)
- post-traumatic model (Correct! The clinician believes Rachel’s development of DID was a direct cause of her abuse as it's an extreme form of early abuse-related post-traumatic stress disorder and this was her way of coping with the trauma.)
A: post-traumatic model

Q: Professor Patel gave a lecture in class about the correlations between sleep disturbances and dissociations. What point would she mostly likely make in her discussion of the sleep-dissociation model?
- Watson’s (2001) research findings about the relationship between sleep disruptions and dissociative states have not been replicated. (Incorrect. Watson’s (2001) fundamental results have been reproduced many times. Many studies have concluded that unusual sleep experiences and dissociative symptoms are related.)
- Research has found no specific connections between dreaming and dissociations. (Incorrect. Research has found specific relationships between dreaming states and dissociations. For example, unusual sleep phenomena that are difficult to control, including nightmares and waking dreams, were found to be related to dissociative symptoms, but lucid dreaming—dreams that are controllable—were only weakly related to dissociative symptoms.)
- Researchers have found that sleep problems only occur in unhealthy participants who are sleep deprived for long periods of time. (Incorrect. Several sleep-deprivation studies have found that sleep problems can be induced with healthy participants. Even amongst these subjects, induced sleep loss of even one night has shown increased dissociation symptoms.)
- According to Watson (2001), researchers have suggested that dissociative symptoms, such as absorption, derealization, and depersonalization begin due to sleep. (Correct! The idea that symptoms of dissociation is related to sleep was proposed in the 19th century by clinicians and researchers who explored similarities between dreaming states and dissociative states.)
A: According to Watson (2001), researchers have suggested that dissociative symptoms, such as absorption, derealization, and depersonalization begin due to sleep.

Q: The sleep-association model may help explain why sleep problems are often found in patients with dissociative disorders. Randy was recently diagnosed with a dissociative disorder and finds that his symptoms of depersonalization
- decrease when he’s sleep deprived. (Incorrect. Research by Simeon and Abugel (2006) indicates that symptoms of depersonalization are worse when people are tired.)
- have no correlation with the amount or quality of sleep he gets. (Incorrect. Evidence suggests that sleep disruptions are linked to dissociations. Research by Simeon and Abugel (2006) indicates that symptoms of depersonalization are worse when people are tired.)
- only happen when he is asleep. (Incorrect. Depersonalization symptoms occur when someone is awake and experiencing a disconnection from their thoughts, feelings, etc. Research by Simeon and Abugel (2006) indicates that symptoms of depersonalization are worse when people are tired.)
- increase the most when he is tired. (Correct! Evidence suggests that sleep disruptions are linked to dissociations. Research by Simeon and Abugel (2006) indicates that symptoms of depersonalization are worse when people are tired.)
A: increase the most when he is tired.

Q: Felix is a graduate student working on his dissertation about the sleep-dissociation model and the outlooks for dissociative disorders. He believes that both the sleep-dissociation model and post-traumatic model can be implicated into one structure in which childhood trauma may lead to problems in sleep, which could be a final common route to dissociations. What would Felix most likely include in his dissertation about the sleep-dissociation model and its implications for dissociative disorders?
- The sleep-dissociation model may explain why dissociation, trauma, fantasy proneness, and cognitive failures are distinct from one another. (Incorrect. The sleep-dissociation model does quite the opposite. This model may explain why dissociation, trauma, fantasy proneness, and cognitive failures often intersect.)
- A disturbed sleep-wake cycle always leads to dissociative symptoms. (Incorrect. While a disturbed sleep-wake cycle may lead to dissociative symptoms, it is not definite. Many people experience problems with sleep and never experience dissociative symptoms.)
- Childhood trauma will always lead to dissociations and problems with sleep. (Incorrect. While childhood trauma is implicated heavily in some dissociative disorders (like DID) and can cause problems with sleep, it is not guaranteed that it will always cause dissociations and sleep disruptions.)
- The sleep-dissociation model may explain how traumatic experiences disrupt the sleep-wake cycle and increase vulnerability to dissociative symptoms. (Correct! The sleep-dissociation model may help to explain how experiences with trauma can cause problems with sleep patterns and thus can increase one’s susceptibility to dissociative symptoms.)
A: The sleep-dissociation model may explain how traumatic experiences disrupt the sleep-wake cycle and increase vulnerability to dissociative symptoms.

Q: Suzanne has a history of chronic pain in various parts of her body throughout the years. She constantly ruminates about these symptoms and often feels anxious. This worry impacts her ability to work and socialize with friends. Despite there being no medical explanation for her symptoms, Suzanne still frequently visits her doctor to be evaluated. What is Suzanne most likely suffering from?
- illness anxiety disorder (Incorrect. While Suzanne is experiencing anxiety and frequently visits her doctor, she is having symptoms of pain for more than six months without a medical explanation and is not necessarily concerned that the symptoms are indicative of a more serious illness, such as cancer. This would suggest she has somatic symptom disorder.)
- conversion disorder (Incorrect. While there is no medical explanation for Suzanne’s pain, there is no indication that she has any motor or sensory symptoms or deficits. Her symptoms of physical pain are lasting for more than six months without a medical explanation. This is significantly impacting her life and causing rumination and anxiety. She continues to see her doctor about symptoms, which all would indicate she is suffering from somatic symptom disorder.)
- factitious disorder (Incorrect. There is no indication that Suzanne is intentionally producing or feigning these symptoms to play the role of patient. Her symptoms of physical pain are lasting for more than six months without a medical explanation. This is significantly impacting her life and causing rumination and anxiety. She continues to see her doctor about symptoms. These signs all would indicate she is suffering from somatic symptom disorder.)
- somatic symptom disorder (Correct! Suzanne appears to have physical symptoms of pain lasting more than six months without a medical explanation and it’s significantly impacting her life. She is excessively worried about these symptoms despite no medical explanation for them and continues to see her doctor on a regular basis about it. These signs are all indicative of a case of somatic symptom disorder.)
A: somatic symptom disorder

Q: Dr. Rodriguez has a patient who has visited him several times about a host of physical symptoms emanating in various parts of her body that she reports experiencing for three months now. She is very worried about the symptoms and it’s starting to negatively impact her life. Dr. Rodriguez hasn’t found a medical explanation for the patient’s pain yet. Should Dr. Rodriguez diagnose this patient with somatic symptom disorder?
- No, the patient appears to have illness anxiety disorder, not SSD. (Incorrect. The patient does have several symptoms of SSD, such as symptoms of pain, worry about the symptoms, a negative interference with her life and no medical explanation for the symptoms. While she hasn’t met the minimum duration of six months for a diagnosis of SSD yet, she isn’t concerned about the possibility of developing a severe medical condition (just concern about the symptoms themselves).)
- Yes, the patient appears to meet the necessary criteria for a diagnosis of SSD. (Incorrect. While the patient does have several symptoms of SSD, such as symptoms of pain, worry about the symptoms, a negative interference with her life and no medical explanation for the symptoms—she hasn’t met the minimum duration of six months for a diagnosis of SSD yet.)
- No, the patient seems to be malingering. (Incorrect. There is no indication that the patient is intentionally faking symptoms for an obvious, external gain. While the patient does have several symptoms of SSD, such as symptoms of pain, worry about the symptoms, a negative interference with her life and no medical explanation for the symptom—she hasn’t met the minimum duration of six months for a diagnosis of SSD yet. If she does continue to have the symptoms for six months or longer, SSD would be an appropriate diagnosis.)
- No, while the patient has some symptoms of SSD, she hasn’t met the minimum duration of time for the diagnosis. (Correct! The patient appears to have symptoms of pain, is worried about the symptoms, and it’s impacting her life negatively. While the doctor hasn’t found a medical explanation yet, the minimum criteria for symptoms of SSD to be present is six months.)
A: No, while the patient has some symptoms of SSD, she hasn’t met the minimum duration of time for the diagnosis.

Q: Lucy’s family doctor thinks she should visit a psychologist as he suspects she has somatic symptom disorder. What would fit some of the criteria for a diagnosis for SSD for Lucy?
- Lucy has been experiencing symptoms for a few weeks. (Incorrect. For a diagnosis of SSD, Lucy would need to experience the following symptoms for at least six months: physical symptoms in the body, distress about the symptoms, interference with one’s life, and no medical explanation for the symptoms.)
- Lucy’s doctor has found a medical explanation for her symptoms. (Incorrect. For a diagnosis of SSD, Lucy would need to experience the following symptoms for at least six months: physical symptoms in the body, distress about the symptoms, interference with one’s life, and no medical explanation for the symptoms.)
- Lucy is not distressed about her symptoms. (Incorrect. For a diagnosis of SSD, Lucy would need to experience the following symptoms for at least six months: physical symptoms in the body, persistent thoughts and worry about the symptoms, interference with one’s life, and no medical explanation for the symptoms.)
- Lucy has physical pain in several parts of her body. (Correct! Criteria for SSD includes physical symptoms in the body, along with distress about the symptoms, interference with one’s life, and no medical explanation for the symptoms for a period of at least six months.)
A: Lucy has physical pain in several parts of her body.

Q: Natalie was convinced that her minor stomach discomfort after eating a large meal might be an indication that she has stomach cancer. Despite numerous doctors telling her there were no signs of cancer in her body, she is preoccupied with thoughts she may have cancer. What disorder does Natalie appear to meet criteria for?
- somatic symptom disorder (Incorrect. While SSD suffers worry about symptoms, they are not preoccupied with what they mean, nor convinced they may have a more serious health condition, such as cancer. For this reason, Natalie would have symptoms more in line with illness anxiety disorder (formerly known as hypochondriasis) because of her strong disease conviction.)
- conversion disorder (Incorrect. Natalie hasn’t reported any motor or sensory symptoms or deficits, but instead is convinced she may have cancer, despite doctors’ reassurance she has no signs of this disease. For this reason, it appears Natalie may suffer from illness anxiety disorder (formerly known as hypochondriasis).)
- factitious disorder (Incorrect. There is no indication that Natalie is intentionally producing or feigning symptoms of illness to play the role of patient. She is convinced she may have cancer, despite doctors’ reassurance she has no signs of this disease, thus meeting criteria for illness anxiety disorder (formerly known as hypochondriasis).)
- illness anxiety disorder (Correct! Formally known as hypochondriasis, IAD sufferers have a strong disease conviction and believe they may have a more serious health condition with little or no symptoms.)
A: illness anxiety disorder

Q: Julie’s family has a long history of serious medical conditions and hospitalizations. She has always been in good health, but for the last six months has worried incessantly that she may develop a brain tumor despite having no symptoms of illness. She keeps doctor shopping in hopes that someone will find something wrong with her, but despite doctors telling her she is fine, she has become even more anxious. What disorder does Julie appear to suffer from?
- somatic symptom disorder (Incorrect. Julie reports no physical symptoms or pain but is convinced she may have a brain tumor. She is constantly worried about illness and reassurance from doctors hasn’t helped. Julie seems to meet criteria for illness anxiety disorder (formerly known as hypochondriasis).)
- conversion disorder (Incorrect. Julie hasn’t reported any motor or sensory symptoms or deficits, but instead is convinced she may have a brain tumor, despite doctors’ reassurance that she has no signs of illness. Thus, Julie appears to meet criteria for illness anxiety disorder (formerly known as hypochondriasis).)
- factitious disorder (Incorrect. There is no indication that Julie is intentionally producing or feigning symptoms of illness to play the role of patient. She is convinced she may have a brain tumor, despite doctors’ reassurance she has no signs of illness, thus meeting criteria for illness anxiety disorder (formerly known as hypochondriasis).)
- illness anxiety disorder (Correct! Julie is showing classic signs of illness anxiety disorder (formerly known as hypochondriasis)—little or no symptoms of illness, concern she may have a serious medical condition, incessant worrying about the possibility of illness, and continued concern despite reassurance from doctors.)
A: illness anxiety disorder

Q: Dr. Cartagena has met with a new patient many times over the past eight months who appears to be in good health. The patient believes he may have an undiagnosed illness that no doctor has been able to find signs of yet. Despite having no symptoms or a confirmed diagnosis, the patient continues to be very anxious about developing a disease. Dr. Cartagena thinks she should refer her new patient to a psychologist. What disorder might this patient be suffering from?
- somatic symptom disorder (Incorrect. Dr. Cartagena’s patient is reporting no symptoms of illness or pain. However, he’s very worried he may have a serious medical condition despite good health reports by doctors, thus meeting criteria for illness anxiety disorder (formerly known as hypochondriasis).)
- conversion disorder (Incorrect. Dr. Cartagena’s patient is reporting no sensory or motor deficits and has become convinced he may develop a serious medical condition. His concern about illness has created a lot of anxiety, despite reassurance that he’s in good health, thus meeting criteria for illness anxiety disorder (formerly known as hypochondriasis).)
- factitious disorder (Incorrect. There is no indication that Dr. Cartagena’s patient is intentionally producing or feigning symptoms of illness to play the role of patient. He is convinced he may have a serious illness, despite any symptoms and doctors’ reassurance that he’s in good health—thus meeting criteria for illness anxiety disorder (formerly known as hypochondriasis).)
- illness anxiety disorder (Correct! Dr. Cartagena’s patient appears to be suffering from IAD (formerly known as hypochondriasis) since he is anxious that he might develop a serious medical illness despite no symptoms and no confirmation of disease from doctors.)
A: illness anxiety disorder

Q: Maya was sexually abused by a family friend when she was a child. For a long period of time after the abuse, she became mute and couldn’t speak, despite there being nothing wrong with her vocal cords. She eventually regained her speech back and became a renowned singer. What disorder did she appear to suffer from?
- illness anxiety disorder (Incorrect. There is no indication that Maya was concerned about the possibility of developing a serious medical condition. Maya experienced a loss of speech after trauma due to no known medical condition. She appeared to have conversion disorder, which often occurs suddenly in response to a psychological stressor.)
- somatoform symptom disorder (Incorrect. Maya doesn’t appear to be concerned about physical symptoms of illness, nor did she appear to seek feedback from doctors about her condition. Maya experienced a loss of speech after trauma due to no known medical condition. She appeared to have conversion disorder, which often occurs suddenly in response to a psychological stressor.)
- factitious disorder (Incorrect. There is no indication that Maya intentionally produced or feigned symptoms of illness to play the role of patient. Maya experienced a loss of speech after trauma due to no known medical condition. She appeared to have conversion disorder, which often occurs suddenly in response to a psychological stressor.)
- conversion disorder (Correct! Maya experienced a loss of speech after trauma due to no known medical condition. Conversion disorders often occur suddenly in response to a psychological stressor.)
A: conversion disorder

Q: Marcus joined the military as a pilot. During a mission, he was instructed to fly over enemy air space to look for potential targets. Shortly after this flight, he became temporarily blind despite having no organic cause for his loss of sight. This caused him considerable distress until he was able to regain his vision again. What disorder did Marcus seem to have symptoms of?
- illness anxiety disorder (Incorrect. Marcus doesn’t appear to be concerned about developing a serious illness with little or no symptoms. Marcus developed loss of sight suddenly in response to a psychological stressor with no medical explanation that impacted his life negatively, hence meeting criteria for conversion disorder.)
- somatoform disorder (Incorrect. Marcus doesn’t appear to be concerned about physical symptoms of illness, nor does he seem to seek feedback from doctors regularly about his loss of vision. Marcus became temporarily blind suddenly in response to a psychological stressor with no medical explanation that impacted his life negatively, hence meeting criteria for conversion disorder.)
- factitious disorder (Incorrect. There is no indication that Marcus intentionally produced or feigned symptoms of illness to play the role of patient. Marcus became temporarily blind suddenly in response to a psychological stressor with no medical explanation that impacted his life negatively, hence meeting criteria for conversion disorder.)
- conversion disorder (Correct! Marcus developed loss of sight suddenly in response to a psychological stressor with no medical explanation that impacted his life negatively. These are classic signs of conversion disorder.)
A: conversion disorder

Q: Brianna returned to college after taking a semester off because of the pandemic. On her first day back, she fainted in the middle of the classroom. This happened about once a week for two months. She had no known medical condition that would cause her to faint and this fainting negatively impacted her attendance and performance in all her classes. She was referred to the mental health office on campus. What disorder does Brianna appear to be suffering from?
- illness anxiety disorder (Incorrect. There is no indication that Brianna is anxious about developing a serious medical condition, nor is there a history of visiting doctors to diagnose a disease. Brianna appears to suffer from conversion disorder since she has fainting spells with no medical explanation that are impacting her life negatively. It is also possible that the stress from returning to school after the pandemic contributed to this condition.)
- somatoform symptom disorder (Incorrect. Brianna doesn’t seem concerned about symptoms of an illness, nor does she appear to seek feedback from numerous doctors. She also hasn’t experienced symptoms of an illness for at least six months, which is required for the SSD diagnosis. Brianna appears to suffer from conversion disorder since she has fainting spells with no medical explanation that are impacting her life negatively. It is also possible that the stress from returning to school after the pandemic contributed to this condition.)
- factitious disorder by proxy (Incorrect. We have no indication that someone is causing illness in Brianna to obtain a patient’s role. Brianna appears to suffer from conversion disorder since she has fainting spells with no medical explanation that are impacting her life negatively. It is also possible that the stress from returning to school after the pandemic contributed to this condition.)
- conversion disorder (Correct! Brianna appears to suffer from conversion disorder since she has fainting spells with no medical explanation that are impacting her life negatively. It is also possible that the stress from returning to school after the pandemic contributed to this condition.)
A: conversion disorder

Q: Taylor has been sick for as long as she can remember. Her mother almost never leaves her side and takes her to numerous doctors for a variety of ailments. Taylor had several surgeries, including having her gallbladder removed and being placed on a feeding tube at one point. When Taylor went to summer camp one year, miraculously all her symptoms disappeared. However, when she returned home with her mother, they began again, along with some new physical complaints. Doctors are starting to get suspicious that there is something else going on with Taylor’s illnesses and that her mother is responsible for her getting sick. What scenario seems most likely in this case?
- Taylor has factitious disorder imposed on self. (Incorrect. There is no indication that Taylor is deliberately making herself sick without any obvious external reward. It appears that Taylor’s mother may be deliberately inducing sickness in her daughter without any obvious external gain, which is symptomatic of factitious disorder imposed on another (previously known as factitious disorder by proxy or Munchausen syndrome by proxy).)
- Taylor has illness anxiety disorder. (Incorrect. There is no indication that Taylor is worried about developing a serious medical condition with little or no symptoms. It appears that Taylor’s mother may be deliberately inducing sickness in her daughter without any obvious external gain, which is symptomatic of factitious disorder imposed on another (previously known as factitious disorder by proxy or Munchausen syndrome by proxy).)
- Taylor’s mother is malingering. (Incorrect. While there is an intentional reporting of symptoms, it doesn’t appear that there is any obvious personal gain (such as money, time off work, etc.). It appears that Taylor’s mother may be deliberately inducing sickness in her daughter without any obvious external gain, which is symptomatic of factitious disorder imposed on another (previously known as factitious disorder by proxy or Munchausen syndrome by proxy).)
- Taylor’s mother suffers from factitious disorder imposed on another. (Correct! It appears that Taylor’s mother may be deliberately inducing sickness in her daughter without any obvious external gain, which is symptomatic of factitious disorder imposed on another (previously known as factitious disorder by proxy or Munchausen syndrome by proxy).)
A: Taylor’s mother suffers from factitious disorder imposed on another.

Q: Laquita is a nurse and often takes care of patients on kidney dialysis. She saved a urine sample from one of her patients and used it for her own urine test during a routine medical check-up with her doctor. Her doctor now wants to conduct more tests to see if Laquita is having kidney failure. Laquita is not sure why she did this but seems to like the attention she is receiving now as a potential patient. What condition does Laquita appear to have?
- factitious disorder imposed on another (Incorrect. There is no evidence that Laquita has done anything to deliberately produce illness in another person in her care. Laquita has deliberately made herself seem ill by using a urine sample from one of her patients on kidney dialysis during her doctor’s visit without any obvious external gain, which is indicative of factitious disorder imposed on self.)
- conversion disorder (Incorrect. There don’t seem to be any neurological symptoms inconsistent with neurological pathology present in Laquita’s case. Laquita has deliberately made herself seem ill by using a urine sample from one of her patients on kidney dialysis during her doctor’s visit without any obvious external gain, which is indicative of factitious disorder imposed on self.)
- malingering (Incorrect. While there is an intentional feigning of symptoms on Laquita’s part, there doesn’t seem to be any obvious personal gain or reward. Laquita has deliberately made herself seem sick by using a urine sample from one of her patients on kidney dialysis during her doctor’s visit without any obvious external gain, which is indicative of factitious disorder imposed on self.)
- factitious disorder imposed on self (Correct! Laquita has deliberately made herself seem ill by using a urine sample from one of her patients on kidney dialysis during her doctor’s visit. There doesn’t seem to be any obvious external reward for this behavior, which is indicative of factitious disorders.)
A: factitious disorder imposed on self

Q: American rapper Eminem once sang the following verse directed towards his estranged mother: “Goin' through public housing systems, Victim of Munchausen's Syndrome, My whole life I was made to believe I was sick when I wasn't, 'Til I grew up, now I blew up, It makes you sick to your stomach, doesn't it?” In this scenario, ________ was the victim while ________ was the perpetrator whose diagnosis was ________.
- his mother; Eminem; factitious disorder imposed on self (Incorrect. Eminem appears to have been the victim, while his mother was the perpetrator of intentionally making her son ill. He did not make himself sick. In this scenario, Eminem’s mother would be diagnosed with factitious disorder imposed on another person (formerly known as factitious disorder by proxy or Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy).)
- Eminem; his mother; illness anxiety disorder (Incorrect. While Eminem appears to have been the victim and his mother the perpetrator, she doesn’t seem to be showing signs that she is concerned about developing a serious medical condition herself. In this scenario, Eminem’s mother would be diagnosed with factitious disorder imposed on another person (formerly known as factitious disorder by proxy or Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy) since she intentionally made her son sick.)
- Eminem; his mother; conversion disorder (Incorrect. While Eminem appears to have been the victim and his mother the perpetrator, she doesn’t seem to be showing signs that she has a neurological condition with no organic cause. In this scenario, Eminem’s mother would be diagnosed with factitious disorder imposed on another person (formerly known as factitious disorder by proxy or Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy) since she intentionally made her son sick.)
- Eminem; his mother; factitious disorder imposed on another person (Correct! Eminem appears to have been the victim of his mother’s intentional falsification or production of illness in her son. In this scenario, Eminem’s mother would be diagnosed with factitious disorder imposed on another person (formerly known as factitious disorder by proxy or Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy).)
A: Eminem; his mother; factitious disorder imposed on another person

Q: Dr. Nguyen believes there are genetic links to dissociation as it relates to difficulties in childhood while his colleague Dr. Fontana’s research focuses on how thinking and memory systems work to contribute to dissociation and somatic disorders. Dr. Nguyen’s approach is from a ________ perspective while Dr. Fontana’s approach is from a ________ perspective.
- psychodynamic; biological (Incorrect. Someone studying dissociation from a psychodynamic perspective would focus on the unconscious and defense mechanisms (not genetics) and someone interested in a biological perspective would focus on genetics (not on thought processes and how memory systems work more broadly). Dr. Nguyen’s approach focuses on how genetics could explain the origins of dissociation stemming from childhood adversities, which is a biological perspective, whereas Dr. Fontana focuses on thought processes and how memory works, which is a cognitive perspective.)
- sociocultural; cognitive (Not quite right. Someone studying dissociation from a sociocultural perspective would focus on environmental factors (family life, socioeconomic factors, culture, society, etc.) and not genetics. Dr. Nguyen’s approach focuses on how genetics could explain the origins of dissociation stemming from childhood adversities—which is a biological perspective. Dr. Fontana focuses on thought processes and how memory works, which is a cognitive perspective (so the second part is correct).)
- cognitive; biological (Incorrect. These answers are reversed. Dr. Nguyen’s approach focuses on how genetics could explain the origins of dissociation stemming from childhood adversities, which is a biological perspective, whereas Dr. Fontana focuses on thought processes and how memory works, which is a cognitive perspective.)
- biological; cognitive (Correct! Dr. Nguyen’s approach focuses on how genetics could explain the origins of dissociation stemming from childhood adversities—which is a biological perspective—whereas Dr. Fontana focuses on thought processes and how memory works—which is a cognitive perspective.)
A: biological; cognitive

Q: Professor Jackson is reviewing the different viewpoints that are used to describe how dissociation and somatic disorders may develop. She taught that an explanation of the ________ perspective is that people experience dissociation and conversion symptoms when they are overwhelmed as a result of using these as defense mechanisms to protect themselves against negative emotions due to poor coping skills.
- biological (Incorrect. The biological perspective focuses on genetics and heritability to explain behavior. The psychodynamic perspective was proposed by Freud and others to focus on the unconscious, which is believed to use defense mechanisms to help people cope with the anxiety they may feel about something in their life they cannot address directly. These negative feelings are manifested into dissociations related to identity or conversion disorder where there are physical symptoms of the psychological distress.)
- cognitive (Incorrect. The cognitive perspective focuses on thought processes and how memory systems work to explain behavior. The psychodynamic perspective was proposed by Freud and others to focus on the unconscious, which is believed to use defense mechanisms to help people cope with the anxiety they may feel about something in their life they cannot address directly. These negative feelings are manifested into dissociations related to identity or conversion disorder where there are physical symptoms of the psychological distress.)
- sociocultural perspective (Incorrect. The sociocultural perspective would focus on environmental factors (family life, socioeconomic factors, culture, society, etc.). The psychodynamic perspective was proposed by Freud and others to focus on the unconscious, which is believed to use defense mechanisms to help people cope with the anxiety they may feel about something in their life they cannot address directly. These negative feelings are manifested into dissociations related to identity or conversion disorder where there are physical symptoms of the psychological distress.)
- psychodynamic (Correct! The psychodynamic perspective was proposed by Freud and others to focus on the unconscious, which is believed to use defense mechanisms to help people cope with the anxiety they may feel about something in their life they cannot address directly. These negative feelings are manifested into dissociations related to identity or conversion disorder where there are physical symptoms of the psychological distress.)
A: psychodynamic

Q: Many psychologists believe we cannot try to explain the origins of dissociation or somatic disorders without looking at environmental factors such as a patient’s homelife, socioeconomic status, cultural background, education, history of abuse, and so on. What perspective do these psychologists think we have to take into consideration?
- cognitive (Incorrect. The cognitive perspective focuses on thought processes and how memory systems function. The perspective presented here is sociocultural, which focuses on environmental factors such as context in society, culture, SES, education, abuse history, family life, and more to help explain behaviors.)
- biological (Incorrect. The biological perspective focuses on genetics and heritability to explain behavior. The perspective presented here is sociocultural, which focuses on environmental factors such as context in society, culture, SES, education, abuse history, family life, and more to help explain behaviors.)
- psychodynamic (Incorrect. The psychodynamic perspective focuses on unconscious processes and how people may use defense mechanisms as inadequate coping skills that contribute to symptoms of dissociation and conversion. The perspective presented here is sociocultural, which focuses on environmental factors such as context in society, culture, SES, education, abuse history, family life, and more to help explain behaviors.)
- sociocultural (Correct! The sociocultural perspective focuses on environmental factors such as context in society, culture, SES, education, abuse history, family life, and more to help explain behaviors.)
A: sociocultural

Q: Celine has been diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder and started to see a new therapist. Even though there is no consensus in the treatment of DID, what approach would be best for Celine’s therapist to use initially?
- EMDR only (Not quite right. While eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is one of the treatment options that may be recommended for a person with DID, usually a more eclectic approach is recommended, which may include a variety of techniques such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), insight-oriented therapies, dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), and hypnotherapy.)
- medications (Incorrect. While medications may be used for co-occurring disorders, such as depression or anxiety, or targeted symptoms, it would not necessarily be the first recommended treatment option. There also is no medication designed specifically for use with dissociative disorders. It’s generally recommended that therapists use an eclectic mix of psychotherapy techniques, which may include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), insight-oriented therapies, dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), hypnotherapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR).)
- electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) (Incorrect. There is no evidence that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) (aka “shock therapy”) is effective for the treatment of dissociative disorders. It’s generally recommended that therapists use an eclectic mix of psychotherapy techniques, which may include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), insight-oriented therapies, dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), hypnotherapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR).)
- an eclectic approach (Correct! It’s generally recommended that treatment for people with DID be a diverse mix of psychotherapy techniques, which may include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), insight-oriented therapies, dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), hypnotherapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR).)
A: an eclectic approach

Q: Francesca is a therapist who recently attended a professional development seminar on how to effectively treat patients who have somatic symptom disorders. One of the most important recommendations she learned in the training was
- Clinicians should insist that there is nothing wrong with the patient. (Incorrect. While it may be tempting for a clinician to tell a patient that there is nothing wrong, it is counterproductive to tell them that nothing is wrong. Patients are often seeking reassurance and clinicians need to find a healthy balance between avoiding collusion with their patient as well as avoiding denial of the reality of their symptoms.)
- Clinicians should never challenge a patient’s specific fear of an illness that appears to be misguided. (Incorrect. Psychoeducation is necessary for patients. It is important to counter specific illness fears that the patient may believe (e.g., “My symptoms mean I have a terminal illness,” or “This lump on my head means I have a brain tumor”) if that is not the case. Patients are often seeking reassurance and clinicians need to find a healthy balance between avoiding collusion with their patient as well as avoiding denial of the reality of their symptoms.)
- Psychotherapy and pharmacological approaches should not be used simultaneously when treating a patient with SSD. (Incorrect. In clinical practice, it is common to combine a psychotherapeutic and pharmacological approach to management of symptoms with the consideration of what the patient wants and needs. Another effective recommendation is that clinicians avoid collusion with their patients and provide psychoeducation as it is appropriate without denying the patients symptoms either.)
- Clinicians may need to avoid colluding with their patient, but also avoid denying the reality of their symptoms. (Correct! Clinicians should avoid colluding with a client by buying into what they are saying either consciously or unconsciously, and by doing so end up avoiding an issue that needs to be addressed. Research has shown that empowering explanations are the most beneficial for patients with medically unexplained symptoms.)
A: Clinicians may need to avoid colluding with their patient, but also avoid denying the reality of their symptoms.

Q: Sonja and her partner Heather are both in counseling for two different disorders. Sonja is receiving treatment for DID and Heather was diagnosed with conversion disorder. What may be a common treatment approach that would be effective for both of them?
- a psychiatrist prescribing antidepressants for their conditions (Incorrect. While medications may be prescribed if there is a comorbid illness such as depression, there is no indication that Sonja or Heather were diagnosed with another illness. There also is no known medication used for the specific treatment of dissociative disorders. Since both DID and conversion disorder are believed to be triggered by psychological stressors or trauma, it would be helpful if past traumatic events or stressors are explored with a therapist. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has also shown to be effective in treating both of these disorders.)
- a therapist minimizing their symptoms by telling them “it’s all in your head” (Incorrect. It has been found to be counterproductive to tell a patient it’s all in their head and to minimize their complaints. Since both DID and conversion disorder are believed to be triggered by psychological stressors or trauma, it would be helpful if past traumatic events or stressors are explored with a therapist. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has also shown to be effective in treating both of these disorders.)
- regular appointments for physical therapy and occupational therapy (While PT and/or OT may be useful for some people who have a conversion disorder, it is not a recommended treatment for dissociative disorders. Since both DID and conversion disorder are believed to be triggered by psychological stressors or trauma, it would be helpful if past traumatic events or stressors are explored with a therapist. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has also shown to be effective in treating both of these disorders.)
- a therapist skilled in CBT and exploring past traumatic events or stressors that may have contributed to their illnesses (Correct! Both DID and conversion disorder are believed to be triggered by psychological stressors or trauma. Exploring these past stressors or traumas with a therapist can aid in their recovery and understanding of their illnesses. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has also shown to be effective in treating both of these disorders.)
A: a therapist skilled in CBT and exploring past traumatic events or stressors that may have contributed to their illnesses

Q: Mary is a seven-year-old girl who was referred for treatment to a neurologist and presented with a long history of unexplained illnesses (epilepsy; recurrent respiratory illnesses; and severe, chronic headaches). Mary’s mother, Mrs. Jones was even on local television to raise money for Mary’s treatments. The neurologist and several other doctors could not find any medical condition to attribute to Mary’s symptoms. Eventually, child protection services got involved and Mary was removed from her home and placed in foster care. When she was out of her mother’s care, her symptoms went away. What diagnosis appears to be present and who would be diagnosed with it?
- factitious disorder imposed on self; Mary (Incorrect. It doesn’t appear that Mary made herself intentionally ill. The fact that her symptoms went away when she was out of her mother’s care is further proof that Mrs. Jones was responsible for Mary’s symptoms. In this case, factitious disorder imposed on another would be diagnosed for Mrs. Jones.)
- conversion disorder; Mary (Incorrect. While there were some unexplained illnesses for Mary, it appears that they were intentionally induced or fabricated by Mary’s mother, Mrs. Jones. The fact that her symptoms went away when she was out of her mother’s care is further proof that Mrs. Jones was responsible for Mary’s symptoms. In this case factitious disorder imposed on another would be diagnosed for Mrs. Jones.)
- illness anxiety disorder; Mrs. Jones (Incorrect. There doesn’t seem to be a concern that someone may become very ill or contract a deadly disease. It appears that Mary has been made intentionally ill or that symptoms were fabricated by her mother. The fact that her symptoms went away when she was out of her mother’s care is further proof that Mrs. Jones was responsible for Mary’s symptoms. In this case factitious disorder imposed on another would be diagnosed for Mrs. Jones.)
- factitious disorder imposed upon another; Mrs. Jones (Correct! It appears that Mary has been made intentionally ill or that symptoms were fabricated by her mother. The fact that her symptoms went away when she was out of her mother’s care is further proof that Mrs. Jones was responsible for Mary’s symptoms. In this case, factitious disorder imposed on another would be diagnosed for Mrs. Jones.)
A: factitious disorder imposed upon another; Mrs. Jones

Q: Ron has visited doctors for many years about a variety of ailments ranging from gastrointestinal problems to pain in his back and legs. None of his doctors could find anything conclusive to attribute his physical complaints to. Ron has become increasingly anxious about the symptoms, which has impacted his ability to find work and caused difficulties in his personal relationships. His primary care physician referred him to a psychologist for further evaluation. Which diagnosis does Ron appear to be showing symptoms of?
- illness anxiety disorder (Incorrect. Ron has several physical symptoms that he is distressed by and is not necessarily concerned that he may have a certain medical condition. Additionally, his symptoms have lasted for over six months and they are causing him problems in other areas of his life. Thus, he appears to meet criteria for somatic symptom disorder.)
- conversion disorder (Incorrect. While there is no medical explanation for Ron’s physical symptoms, they appear to be occurring for more than six months in a variety of areas (GI issues and pain in his back and legs). He has anxiety about the symptoms and it’s impacting his life negatively. Thus, Ron appears to meet criteria for somatic symptom disorder.)
- factitious disorder imposed on self (Incorrect. There is no evidence that Ron is intentionally inducing symptoms in himself to obtain a patient’s role. Ron appears to have several physical symptoms for over six months that doctors cannot find a medical explanation for. He is distressed by the symptoms, which have created difficulties in other areas of his life. Thus, he appears to meet criteria for somatic symptom disorder.)
- somatic symptom disorder (Correct! Ron appears to have several physical symptoms for over six months that doctors cannot find a medical explanation for. He is distressed by the symptoms, which have created difficulties in other areas of his life. Thus, he appears to meet criteria for somatic symptom disorder.)
A: somatic symptom disorder

Q: Lisa was abused by her father as a child and went to therapy for many years. She was diagnosed with borderline personality disorder in her early 20s. Lisa has a dramatic but inconsistent medical history. She has been hospitalized on several occasions for symptoms such as chest pain, difficulty breathing, abdominal pain, etc. She insists on getting medical tests and procedures that don’t always seem warranted for her complaints. She reports that she had cancer as a child, but there are no medical records to confirm this. Once she was even caught by a nurse trying to heat up her own thermometer when her temperature was being taken. Lisa has been referred for a psychiatric evaluation by her current medical doctor. What diagnosis would a psychiatrist most likely make for Lisa?
- illness anxiety disorder (Incorrect. While Lisa has some unexplained illnesses, she is not currently showing concern that she may develop a medical condition. Lisa appears to be feigning or intentionally producing symptoms in herself with no obvious external gain (other than playing the role of patient), thus meeting criteria for factitious disorder imposed on self. People with FD may have a history of abuse in childhood and a co-occurring personality disorder, such as BPD.)
- conversion disorder (Incorrect. While Lisa has an unexplained or inconsistent medical history, it doesn't appear that any of her symptoms are neurological in nature. Furthermore, Lisa appears to be feigning or intentionally producing symptoms in herself with no obvious external gain (other than playing the role of patient), thus meeting criteria for factitious disorder imposed on self. People with FD may have a history of abuse in childhood and a co-occurring personality disorder, such as BPD.)
- somatic symptom disorder (Incorrect. While Lisa appears to have several physical symptom complaints, she is not expressing anxiety about them. Lisa appears to be feigning or intentionally producing symptoms in herself with no obvious external gain (other than playing the role of patient), thus meeting criteria for factitious disorder imposed on self. People with FD may have a history of abuse in childhood and a co-occurring personality disorder, such as BPD.)
- factitious disorder imposed on self (Correct! Lisa appears to be feigning or intentionally producing symptoms in herself with no obvious external gain (other than playing the role of patient). People with FD may have a history of abuse in childhood and a co-occurring personality disorder, such as BPD.)
A: factitious disorder imposed on self