Title: The Digestive System
Course: Question Banks

Q: What is the primary food source of herbivores?
- meat (Incorrect. Herbivores eat plants)
- plant- and animal-derived food (Incorrect. Herbivores eat plants)
- plants (Correct.)
A: plants

Q: Animals that eat both plant- and animal-derived food are ________.
- carnivores (Incorrect. Carnivores rely on meat for their diet.)
- herbivores (Incorrect. Herbivores rely on a plant-based diet.)
- omnivores (Correct.)
A: omnivores

Q: What are obligate carnivores?
- animals that eat plant- and animal-derived food (Incorrect. Obligate carnivores are those that rely entirely on animal flesh to obtain their nutrients; examples of obligate carnivores are members of the cat family, such as lions and cheetahs.)
- animals that rely on plant based food. (Incorrect. Obligate carnivores are those that rely entirely on animal flesh to obtain their nutrients; examples of obligate carnivores are members of the cat family, such as lions and cheetahs.)
- animals that rely entirely on animal flesh to obtain their nutrients (Correct. Obligate carnivores are those that rely entirely on animal flesh to obtain their nutrients; examples of obligate carnivores are members of the cat family, such as lions and cheetahs.)
A: animals that rely entirely on animal flesh to obtain their nutrients

Q: What is an example of the simplest digestive system?
- an alimentary canal (Incorrect. The alimentary canal is a more advanced system: it consists of one tube with a mouth at one end and an anus at the other.)
- a monogastric (Incorrect. This type of digestive system consists of one stomach chamber.)
- a gastrovascular cavity (Correct. The simplest example of a digestive system is a gastrovascular cavity and is found in organisms with only one opening for digestion.)
A: a gastrovascular cavity

Q: What type of digestive system does a ruminant have?
- a monogastric system (Incorrect. This type of digestive system consists of one stomach chamber and would not work to digest all the plant material.)
- an alimentary canal (Incorrect. The alimentary canal consists of one tube with a mouth at one end and an anus at the other)
- a multi-chambered stomach (Correct. The four-compartment gastric chamber provides larger space and the microbial support necessary to digest plant material in ruminants.)
A: a multi-chambered stomach

Q: What is the proventriculus?
- the second stomach of birds (Incorrect. The second stomach of birds is called the gizzard, which grinds food.)
- a digestive canal that carries food through digestion and excretion (Incorrect. This is an alimentary canal.)
- the first part of a bird’s stomach (Correct. The stomach of birds has two chambers: the proventriculus, where gastric juices are produced to digest the food before it enters the stomach, and the gizzard.)
A: the first part of a bird’s stomach

Q: What does salivary amylase do?
- begins the breakdown of fat components in the food (Incorrect. The lingual lipase begins the breakdown of fat components in the food.)
- breaks peptide bonds and cleaves proteins into smaller polypeptides (Incorrect. This is the function of pepsin.)
- begins the process of converting starches in the food into a disaccharide called maltose (Correct.)
A: begins the process of converting starches in the food into a disaccharide called maltose

Q: What happens in the small intestine?
- the reabsorption of water from the undigested food material (Incorrect. This is the large intestine.)
- the storage of bile and concentration of bile salts (Incorrect. This is the gallbladder.)
- the digestion of protein, fats, and carbohydrates (Correct.)
A: the digestion of protein, fats, and carbohydrates

Q: The colon can be divided into ________ regions.
- two (Incorrect.)
- five (Incorrect.)
- four (Correct. The ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon and the sigmoid colon.)
A: four

Q: What is the primary source of organic carbons in the animal body?
- fiber (Incorrect. The primary source is carbohydrates or sugars.)
- fats (Incorrect. Fats are required in the diet to aid the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and the production of fat-soluble hormones.)
- carbohydrates (Correct.)
A: carbohydrates

Q: What is polysaccharide cellulose used for in the body?
- It provides the primary source of organic carbons. (Incorrect. Carbohydrates provide the primary source of organic carbons.)
- It provides a source of nitrogen. (Incorrect. Protein catabolism provides a source of organic nitrogen)
- It provides the fiber required for moving waste through the large intestine and colon. (Correct.)
A: It provides the fiber required for moving waste through the large intestine and colon.

Q: What does protein catabolism provide to the body?
- polysaccharide cellulose (Incorrect. Protein catabolism provides a source of organic nitrogen. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and protein breakdown provides amino acids that are used for cellular function.)
- carbohydrates (Incorrect. Carbohydrate catabolism is the breakdown of carbohydrates to ATP. Protein catabolism provides organic nitrogen.)
- organic nitrogen (Correct.)
A: organic nitrogen

Q: What is the inorganic essential mineral iron needed for in the human body?
- It is the systemic electrolyte required for many functions, such as water balance. (Incorrect. This is sodium.)
- It is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. (Incorrect. This is Iodine.)
- It is required for many proteins and enzymes, notably hemoglobin. (Correct.)
A: It is required for many proteins and enzymes, notably hemoglobin.

Q: What is the inorganic essential nutrient magnesium needed for in the human body?
- It is a cofactor in enzyme functions. (Incorrect. This is manganese.)
- It is vital for muscles, heart and nerve function. (Incorrect. This is phosphorus.)
- It is a required cofactor for ATP. (Correct.)
A: It is a required cofactor for ATP.

Q: What water-soluble essential vitamin helps maintain connective tissue, bone, cartilage, and dentin?
- Vitamin B_12 (Incorrect. This vitamin maintains healthy nervous system and assists with blood cell formation.)
- Vitamin B_1 (Incorrect. This vitamin is needed by the body to process lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.)
- Vitamin C (Correct.)
A: Vitamin C

Q: What is the primary energy currency in cells?
- organic nitrogen (Incorrect. This is an important building block in amino acids.)
- polysaccharide cellulose (Incorrect. This fiber aids in digestion.)
- ATP (Correct.)
A: ATP

Q: ATP stores energy in ________.
- peptide bonds (Incorrect. ATP is the primary energy currency in cells; ATP stores energy in phosphate ester bonds. ATP releases energy when the phosphodiester bonds are broken and ATP is converted to ADP and a phosphate group.)
- hydrogen bonds (Incorrect. ATP is the primary energy currency in cells; ATP stores energy in phosphate ester bonds. ATP releases energy when the phosphodiester bonds are broken and ATP is converted to ADP and a phosphate group.)
- phosphodiester bonds (Correct. ATP is the primary energy currency in cells; ATP stores energy in phosphate ester bonds. ATP releases energy when the phosphodiester bonds are broken and ATP is converted to ADP and a phosphate group.)
A: phosphodiester bonds

Q: When the amount of ATP available is in excess of the body’s requirements, the liver uses the excess ATP and excess glucose ________.
- to produce new proteins (Incorrect. When the amount of ATP is available in excess of the body’s requirements, the liver uses the excess ATP and excess glucose to produce molecules called glycogen.)
- to breakdown glucose (Incorrect. When the amount of ATP is available in excess of the body’s requirements, the liver uses the excess ATP and excess glucose to produce molecules called glycogen.)
- to produce molecules called glycogen (Correct. Glycogen is a polymeric form of glucose and is stored in the liver and skeletal muscle cells.)
A: to produce molecules called glycogen

Q: Which enzyme plays an important role in the digestion of proteins by breaking down intact proteins to peptides?
- lactase (Incorrect. Lactase is involved in breaking down carbohydrates, specifically lactose.)
- carboxypeptidase (Incorrect. Carboxypeptidase plays an important role in reducing the peptides to free amino acids.)
- pepsin (Correct.)
A: pepsin

Q: Where does the digestion of carbohydrates begin?
- the small intestine (Incorrect. The digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth.)
- the large intestine (Incorrect. The digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth.)
- the mouth (Correct.)
A: the mouth

Q: Where does the bulk of lipid digestion take place?
- the large intestine (Incorrect. The bulk of digestion takes place in the small intestine.)
- the stomach (Incorrect. Lipid digestion begins in the stomach with the aid of lingual lipase and gastric lipase. However, the bulk of lipid digestion occurs in the small intestine.)
- the small intestine (Correct.)
A: the small intestine

Q: What is the first phase of ingestion called?
- the gastric phase (Incorrect. This phase begins once the food arrives in the stomach.)
- the intestinal phase (Incorrect. This phase begins when chyme enters the small intestine triggering digestive secretions.)
- the cephalic phase (Correct.)
A: the cephalic phase

Q: What happens during the intestinal phase of ingestion?
- Salivation and the secretion of gastric juices begin. (Incorrect. This is the cephalic phase.)
- Gastric acids and enzymes process the ingested material. (Incorrect. This is the gastric phase.)
- Chyme enters the small intestine triggering digestive secretions. (Correct. This phase controls the rate of gastric emptying.)
A: Chyme enters the small intestine triggering digestive secretions.

Q: The cephalic phase is controlled by the________.
- hormonal response (Incorrect. The CNS prepares the stomach to receive food. The neural response controls the cephalic response.)
- immune response (Incorrect. The CNS prepares the stomach to receive food. The neural response controls the cephalic response.)
- neural response (Correct. The CNS prepares the stomach to receive food.)
A: neural response

Q: What does gastrin do?
- It breaks down intact proteins to peptides. (Incorrect. This is the role of pepsin, gastrin stimulates the release of stomach acid.)
- It plays an important role in reducing the peptides to free amino acids. (Incorrect. This is the role of carboxypeptidase, gastrin stimulates the release of stomach acid.)
- It stimulates the release of stomach acid. (Correct.)
A: It stimulates the release of stomach acid.

Q: What is the function of gastric inhibitory peptide?
- It stimulates release of stomach acid. (Incorrect. Gastrin stimulates release of stomach acid. Gastric inhibitory peptide slows down digestion.)
- It stimulates the pancreas to produce the requisite pancreatic juices, it also stimulates the gallbladder to release bile into the duodenum. (Incorrect. Gastric inhibitory peptide slows down digestion. Cholecystokinin (CKK) stimulates the pancreas to produce the requisite pancreatic juices, it also stimulates the gallbladder to release bile into the duodenum.)
- It slows down the peristaltic movements of the intestine to allow fatty foods more time to be digested and absorbed. (Correct. Hormonal control occurs in response to the composition of food. Foods high in lipids take a long time to digest. Gastric inhibitory peptide slows down digestion.)
A: It slows down the peristaltic movements of the intestine to allow fatty foods more time to be digested and absorbed.

Q: What hormone stops the release of hydrochloric acid?
- secretin (Incorrect. In order to neutralize the acidic chyme, a hormone called secretin stimulates the pancreas to produce alkaline bicarbonate solution and deliver it to the duodenum.)
- cholecystokinin (Incorrect. Cholecystokinin (CKK) stimulates the pancreas to produce the requisite pancreatic juices, it also stimulates the gallbladder to release bile into the duodenum.)
- somatostatin (Correct. When the stomach is emptied, the acidic environment doesn’t need to be maintained and a hormone called somatostatin stops the release of hydrochloric acid.)
A: somatostatin