Title: Biopsychology
Course: Question Banks

Q: The input sites of neurons where signals are received from other neurons are known as
- axons (Incorrect. Axons are major extensions of the soma, but are not the input site of neuronal signals.)
- glial cells (Incorrect. Glial cells are a nervous system cell that provide physical and metabolic support to neurons.)
- soma (Incorrect. The soma is the cell body, not the input site for neurons.)
- dendrites (Correct! Most neurons have many dendrites that project from the cell body.)
A: dendrites

Q: ________, which play a supportive role in the nervous system, vastly outnumber ________.
- Neurons; glial cells (Incorrect. Neurons do not vastly outnumber glial cells.)
- Axons; neurotransmitters. (Incorrect. Axons are a major extension of the soma, but do not play a supportive role in the nervous system.)
- Neurotransmitters; axons. (Incorrect. A neurotransmitter is the chemical messenger of the nervous system.)
- Glial cells; neurons (Correct. Glial cells are a nervous system cell that provide physical and metabolic support to neurons.)
A: Glial cells; neurons

Q: Which of the following is the correct order of events describing the movement of an electrical charge through a neuron?
- Dendrite, axon, cell body (Incorrect. Although the nerve impulse begins with the dendrite, it has to pass through the cell body before reaching the axon.)
- Axon, cell body, dendrite (Incorrect. The axon doesn’t originally receive the nerve impulse. It is received by the dendrite, then goes to the cell body, and lastly to the axon.)
- Axon, dendrite, cell body. (Incorrect. The axon doesn’t originally receive the nerve impulse, the axon is last.)
- Dendrite, cell body, axon (Correct. The nerve impulses are received by the dendrite, then passed on to the cell body, and then along down the axon.)
A: Dendrite, cell body, axon

Q: During action potential, positively charged ________ ions move inside the cell.
- potassium (Incorrect. Potassium ions do not move inside the cell during an action potential.)
- chloride (Incorrect. Chloride ions do not move inside the cell during an action potential.)
- bromine (Incorrect. Bromine ions do not move inside the cell during an action potential.)
- sodium (Correct. Sodium levels move inside the cell, increasing the overall levels of sodium within the cell during an action potential.)
A: sodium

Q: During resting potential, before the electric charge is sent, the inside of a neuron has a  ________ charge.
- positive (Incorrect. During resting potential, the neuron does not have a positive charge.)
- neutral (Incorrect. During resting potential, the neuron does not have a neutral charge.)
- positive or negative (Incorrect. During resting potential, the neuron does not have a positive charge.)
- negative (Correct. During resting potential, the neuron has a negative charge.)
A: negative

Q: What is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals?
- hyperpolarization (Incorrect. Hyperpolarization occurs when there is a change in the cell membrane’s potential, making it more negative.)
- threshold of excitation (Incorrect. The threshold of excitation is the level of charge necessary for the neuron to become active.)
- depolarization (Incorrect. Depolarization occurs when the charge of the cell membrane reverses.)
- action potential (Correct. The action potential moves from the cell body, down the axon and to the axon terminals.)
A: action potential

Q: Agonists and antagonists mimic or impede neurotransmitters by binding to ________.
- the cell membrane (Incorrect. Agonists and antagonists do not bind to the cell membrane.)
- axons (Incorrect. Agonists and antagonists do not bind to axons.)
- nothing (Incorrect. Agonists and antagonists mimic, enhance, or impede neurotransmitters by binding to something.)
- receptors (Correct. Both agonists and antagonists bind to receptors, either increasing or decreasing effects on the effects of neurotransmitters.)
A: receptors

Q: Drugs designed to restore neurotransmitter balance in the brain are known as
- neuro-responsive medications (Incorrect. Neuro-responsive medication is not the term used to describe the drug class that helps to restore neurotransmitter balance.)
- agonists (Incorrect. An agonist is a substance that initiates a physiological response.)
- antagonist (Incorrect. An antagonist is a substance that inhibits a physiological response.)
- psychotropic medications (Correct. Psychotropic medications help to treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring balance to the neurotransmitters.)
A: psychotropic medications

Q: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs that
- block effects of neurotransmitters by binding to receptors without activating them. (Incorrect. SSRIs do not bind serotonin to receptors without activating them.)
- strengthen the effect of a neurotransmitters by mimicking it at the receptor site. (Incorrect. SSRIs do not strengthen the effect by mimicking them at the receptor site.)
- increase reuptake of unused serotonin (Incorrect. SSRIs actually inhibit reuptake of serotonin.)
- prevent unused neurotransmitters from being transported back to the neuron. (Correct. SSRIs increase the levels of serotonin in the brain by blocking their reuptake.)
A: prevent unused neurotransmitters from being transported back to the neuron.

Q: The peripheral nervous system is composed of the
- autonomic and sympathetic nervous systems (Incorrect. The autonomic system is one of the key components to the peripheral nervous system, but the sympathetic nervous system is a subdivision of the autonomic system.)
- parasympathetic and somatic nervous systems (Incorrect. The somatic system is one of the key components to the peripheral nervous system, but the parasympathetic system is a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system.)
- sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems (Incorrect. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system not the peripheral nervous system..)
- somatic and autonomic nervous systems (Correct. The peripheral nervous system consists of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.)
A: somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Q: The ________ nervous system is involved in the relay of sensory and motor information to the central nervous system.
- autonomic (Incorrect. The autonomic nervous system controls internal organs and glands.)
- sympathetic (Incorrect. The sympathetic nervous system is activated during stress related activities.)
- parasympathetic (Incorrect. The parasympathetic nervous system is involved in day-to-day, routine activities of the body.)
- somatic (Correct. The somatic system relays sensory and motor information to the CNS.)
A: somatic

Q: Conscious and voluntary movements are associated with the ________ nervous system.
- parasympathetic (Incorrect. Parasympathetic systems are involved in day-to-day, routine activities of the body.)
- sympathetic (Incorrect. Sympathetic systems are activated during stressful situations.)
- autonomic (Incorrect. Autonomic systems controls internal organs and glands and are not associated with choice and voluntary movement.)
- somatic (Correct. Somatic systems relay motor and sensory information to the CNS involved in conscious, choice-driven activities.)
A: somatic

Q: If Julian is startled by a rat in his kitchen, his ________ nervous system kicks into action.
- autonomic (Incorrect. Julian’s autonomic nervous system controls his internal organs and glands.)
- parasympathetic (Incorrect. Given that the parasympathetic nervous system controls routine day-to-day operations of the body, Julian’s PNS would not have kicked in.)
- somatic (Incorrect. Julian’s somatic systems relay motor and sensory information to the CNS involved in conscious, choice-driven activities. Julian’s initial reaction to a stress event would be more instinctive and reflexive than choice-driven.)
- sympathetic (Correct. Considering that Julian was startled by the rat, we can conclude that his sympathetic nervous system kicked in, responding to stress and fear with increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and increased respiration.)
A: sympathetic

Q: After a stressful day at school and work, Kristen attends a yoga class. At the end of the class, Kristen lays quietly on her mat while paying close attention to her breathing. Her ________ nervous system is activated.
- somatic (Incorrect. Somatic systems relay motor and sensory information to the CNS involved in conscious, choice-driven activities.)
- sympathetic (Incorrect. Sympathetic systems are activated during stressful situations and would not be activated after yoga while mindful breathing.)
- autonomic (Incorrect. While the autonomic nervous system controls internal organs and glands of the body, and would play a role in this, but it is not the most correct answer.)
- parasympathetic (Correct. A subset of the autonomic system, the parasympathetic system is often called the rest and digest system.)
A: parasympathetic

Q: The state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels is known as
- a fight-or-flight response. (Incorrect. The fight-or-flight response is the way our bodies respond to highly stressful situations, it prepares us to respond quickly.)
- an automatic response. (Incorrect. Though this is an involuntary, somewhat automatic response, this term does not describe the state of equilibrium.)
- somatic response (Incorrect. The somatic nervous system relays sensory and motor information to and from the CNS and is associated with mindful action.)
- homeostasis. (Correct. Homeostasis is a state of natural balance which is maintained by the parasympathetic nervous system.)
A: homeostasis.

Q: Physiological changes such as those activated when Sarah hears spooky sounds while she’s out for a run (her pupils dilate, her heart rate and blood pressure increase, etc.) are known as
- homeostasis. (Incorrect. Homeostasis is a state of natural balance which is maintained by the parasympathetic nervous system.)
- parasympathetic responses. (Incorrect. Parasympathetic responses are associated with day-to-day activities of the body.)
- somatic response (Incorrect. The somatic nervous system relays sensory and motor information to and from the central nervous system.)
- the fight-or-flight response. (Correct. The fight-or-flight response allows our bodies respond to highly stressful situations, it prepares us to respond quickly.)
A: the fight-or-flight response.

Q: A psychologist who studies the  interaction between hormones and behavior is called a
- biophysiological psychologist. (Incorrect. A person who studies the relationship between hormones and behavior is not known as biophysiological psychologist.)
- hormonal psychologists (Incorrect. A person who studies the relationship between hormones and behavior is not known as hormonal psychologist.)
- neurobiologist (Incorrect. A person who studies the relationship between hormones and behavior is not known as neurobiologist.)
- behavioral endocrinologist. (Correct. Behavioral endocrinology is the study of hormonal processes and neuroendocrine systems that influence or regulate behavior.)
A: behavioral endocrinologist.

Q: What happens to testosterone levels of those who lose chess tournaments?
- Nothing, chess is not related to testosterone. (Incorrect. Testosterone levels generally changed based on whether a player wins or loses.)
- They rise. (Incorrect. Rise in testosterone levels are not associated with losing.)
- They can either rise or fall, depending on the player. (Incorrect. Testosterone levels generally change based on whether a player wins or loses, but they are associated with a specific response.)
- They fall. (Correct. Testosterone levels have been shown to fall when players lose events, whether related to sports or not.)
A: They fall.

Q: The pituitary gland, sometimes called the “master gland,” carries out instructions from the ________.
- adrenal gland (Incorrect. The adrenal glands are responsible for helping the body deal with stress.)
- pancreas (Incorrect. The pancreas is associated with the secretion of hormones that regulate blood sugar.)
- thyroid gland (Incorrect. The thyroid gland is responsible for regulating metabolism.)
- hypothalamus (Correct. The hypothalamus links the nervous system and the endocrine system and directs the release of hormones by the pituitary gland.)
A: hypothalamus

Q: The chemical substances that are secreted into the bloodstream by the endocrine system are known as
- glands. (Incorrect. The chemical substances that are secreted in the bloodstream are not known as glands.)
- neurotransmitters. (Correct. The chemical substances that are secreted in the bloodstream are not known as neurotransmitters.)
- factors (Incorrect. The chemical substances that are secreted in the bloodstream are not known as factors.)
- hormones. (Correct. The chemical substances that are secreted in the bloodstream are known as hormones.)
A: hormones.

Q: The longitudinal fissure
- is a thick band of neural fibers enabling communication between the two brain hemispheres. (Incorrect. The corpus callosum is the thick band of neural fibers that enables communication between the hemispheres.)
- is a large network of neurons on the cerebral cortex. (Incorrect. The longitudinal fissure is not a large network of neurons on the cerebral cortex.)
- describes the hemispheres of the brain (Incorrect. The brain is split into two, left and right hemispheres, along the longitudinal fissure.)
- separates the brain into two halves. (Correct. The longitudinal fissure is the deep groove that separates the brain into two halves.)
A: separates the brain into two halves.

Q: Which of the following statements is true regarding lateralization?
- the left side of the brain controls the left side of the body. (Incorrect. The fact that each side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body demonstrates contralateral control.)
- people who are artistic or creative use more of their left-brain. (Incorrect. The idea of “left” and “right” brain regarding logical or artistic thinking is not something that has been substantiated by science.)
- the right side of the brain has more control of the body than the left. (Incorrect. Each side of the brain carries certain functions, it is not true that the right side of the brain has more control than the left.)
- language ability has different roles in each hemisphere. (Correct. Lateralization is the concept that each hemisphere of the brain is associated with specialized functions.)
A: language ability has different roles in each hemisphere.

Q: The biggest part of the brain, called the ________, contains the cerebral cortex, which is ________ in humans that other animals.
- forebrain; smaller (Incorrect. The cerebral cortex is not smaller in humans in comparison to animals.)
- midbrain; larger (Incorrect. The cerebral cortex is not located in the midbrain.)
- hindbrain; larger (Incorrect. The cerebral cortex is not located in the hindbrain.)
- forebrain; larger (Correct. The cerebral cortex is located in the forebrain, which is much larger in humans than most other animals.)
A: forebrain; larger

Q: Which of the following areas is NOT located in the frontal lobe of the brain?
- Broca’s area (Incorrect. Broca’s area is located in the frontal lobe and responsible for language production.)
- motor cortex (Incorrect. The motor cortex is located in the frontal lobe of the brain and responsible for planning and coordinating movement.)
- control panel (Incorrect. Though not an official part of the brain, the frontal lobe is often referred to as the “control panel” of the brain.)
- hippocampus (Correct. The hippocampus is located in the temporal lobe and plays are large role in emotional regulation.)
A: hippocampus

Q: Phineas Gage’s accident revealed that
- there is a correlation between frontal lobe damage, language processing, and anger. (Incorrect. Gage’s accident did not demonstrate that frontal lobe damage correlated with language processing issues.)
- the limbic system controls higher-level thinking, while the frontal lobes control anger and emotion. (Incorrect. Gage’s accident did not demonstrate that the limbic system controlled higher-level thinking.)
- the brain is able to overcome injury and return to normal. (Incorrect. Though Gage was able to recover from his injury, it was reported that his personality was never the same after.)
- there is a relationship between the frontal lobes, limbic system, and  impulse control. (Correct. Gage’s accident helped to demonstrate that specific areas of the brain are responsible for specific functions.)
A: there is a relationship between the frontal lobes, limbic system, and  impulse control.

Q: Devin processes the pain of a fresh paper cut on his finger in the
- motor cortex (Incorrect. The motor cortex is responsible for planning and coordinating movement.)
- frontal lobes (Incorrect. The frontal lobes are the part of the cerebral cortex involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language. It also contains the motor cortex.)
- occipital lobe (Incorrect. The occipital lobe is associated with visual processing and contains the primary visual cortex.)
- somatosensory cortex (Correct. The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing sensory information from across the body, including pain.)
A: somatosensory cortex

Q: The temporal lobe specializes in
- vision. (Incorrect. The occipital lobe is associated with visual processing and contains the primary visual cortex.)
- speech. (Incorrect. There are various areas in the brain associated with different aspects of speech including Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas.)
- processing sensory information. (Incorrect. The parietal lobe is the part of the cerebral cortex involved in processing various sensory and perceptual information.)
- hearing. (Correct. The temporal lobe is the part of the cerebral cortex associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language.)
A: hearing.

Q: After a severe car accident, Tristan struggles to comprehend what people are saying when they speak to him. He probably has damage to
- Broca’s area. (Incorrect. Broca’s area is the region in the left hemisphere that is essential for language production.)
- the occipital lobe. (Incorrect. The occipital lobe is associated with visual processing and contains the primary visual cortex.)
- parietal lobe. (Incorrect. The parietal lobe is the part of the cerebral cortex involved in processing various sensory and perceptual information.)
- Wernicke’s area. (Correct. Wernicke’s area is the region of the brain that plays an important role in speech comprehension.)
A: Wernicke’s area.

Q: Where is the primary visual cortex housed?
- the parietal lobe (Incorrect. The parietal lobe is the part of the cerebral cortex involved in processing various sensory and perceptual information.)
- the temporal lobe (Incorrect. The temporal lobe is the part of the cerebral cortex associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language.)
- parietal lobe. (Incorrect. The parietal lobe is the part of the cerebral cortex involved in processing various sensory and perceptual information.)
- the occipital lobe (Correct. The occipital lobe is associated with visual processing and contains the primary visual cortex.)
A: the occipital lobe

Q: Damage to Broca’s area may cause
- difficulty walking. (Incorrect. This injury would indicate damage in his motor cortex.)
- difficulty regulating body temperature. (Incorrect. This injury would indicate damage to the somatosensory cortex.)
- inability to comprehend speech (Incorrect. This injury would indicate damage to Wernicke’s area.)
- difficulty speaking. (Correct. Broca’s area is the region in the left hemisphere that is essential for language production.)
A: difficulty speaking.

Q: The substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and reticular formation can all be found in the
- forebrain (Incorrect. The forebrain is the largest part of the brain, containing the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and limbic system, among other structures.)
- hindbrain (Incorrect. The hindbrain is composed of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum.)
- frontal lobe (Incorrect. The frontal lobes are the part of the cerebral cortex involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language. It also contains the motor cortex.)
- midbrain (Correct. The midbrain is located in the middle section of the brain and includes the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area.)
A: midbrain

Q: Structures that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine and aid in movement are the substantia nigra and the ________, both found in the midbrain.
- hippocampus (Incorrect. The hippocampus is a structure in the temporal lobe associated with learning and memory.)
- pons (Incorrect. The pons is a hindbrain structure that connects the brain and the spinal cord.)
- medulla (Incorrect. The medulla is a hindbrain structure that controls automated processes like breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate.)
- ventral tegmental area (Correct. The ventral tegmental area is a midbrain structure where dopamine is produced.)
A: ventral tegmental area

Q: The ________ is involved in regulating the sleep/wake cycle and plays an important role in arousal and alertness.
- medulla (Incorrect. The medulla is a hindbrain structure that controls automated processes like breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate.)
- pons (Incorrect. The pons is a hindbrain structure that connects the brain and the spinal cord and is involved in regulating brain activity during sleep.)
- hippocampus (Incorrect. The hippocampus is a structure in the temporal lobe associated with learning and memory.)
- reticular formation (Correct. The reticular formation is responsible for regulating sleep/wake cycles, arousal, alertness, and motor activity.)
A: reticular formation

Q: One reason smells often evoke memories is that the sense of smell
- is routed through the thalamus to the hippocampus. (Incorrect. The thalamus and hippocampus are not responsible for processing smell.)
- is connected the the cerebellum and long-term memory formation. (Incorrect. The cerebellum is not responsible for processing smell.)
- is connected to the basal ganglia. (Incorrect. Smell is not processed in the basal ganglia.)
- is routed through the limbic system. (Correct. Smell is processed in the limbic system, which is also responsible for processing memory, which is why the two are so closely related.)
A: is routed through the limbic system.

Q: The experience and regulation of emotions is strongly connected to the ________ within the limbic system.
- corpus callosum (Incorrect. The corpus callosum is a broad band a nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain.)
- hypothalamus (Incorrect. The hypothalamus is a forebrain structure that regulates sexual motivation and behavior.)
- thalamus (Incorrect. The thalamus is the sensory relay for the brain.)
- amygdala (Correct. The amygdala is the structure in the limbic system involved in experiencing emotion and tying emotional meaning to memories.)
A: amygdala

Q: The ________ helps maintain the body’s level of homeostasis and regulates things like body temperature and appetite.
- hippocampus (Incorrect. The hippocampus a structure in the temporal lobe associated with learning and memory.)
- amygdala (Incorrect. The amygdala is the structure in the limbic system involved in experiencing emotion and tying emotional meaning to memories.)
- Broca’s area (Incorrect. Broca’s area is responsible for language processing.)
- hypothalamus (Correct. The hypothalamus is a forebrain structure that regulates sexual motivation and behavior as well as a number of homeostatic processes.)
A: hypothalamus

Q: Stephen has a tumor in his brain and doctors want to assess what areas are impacted. They want a clear picture of the brain, but also want to see changes in the brain’s blood flow. What imaging technique will they use?
- positron emission tomography (PET) (Incorrect. A PET scan would be appropriate for looking at brain structure and function, but not blood flow.)
- electroencephalography (EEG) (Incorrect. An EEG would only record the electrical activity of the brain.)
- computerized tomography (CT) scan (Incorrect. A CT scan would integrate multiple x-rays of a given area, but not allow for seeing changes in blood flow.)
- functional MRI (fMRI) (Correct. An fMRI would show change in metabolic activity over time and would allow a doctor to assess changes in blood flow.)
A: functional MRI (fMRI)

Q: Doctors want to take a closer look at a schizophrenic patient’s brain to monitor the activity of neurotransmitters while she experiences hallucinations. First, they will give her an injection of a radioactive substance. Which technique will they use?
- functional MRI (fMRI) (Incorrect. The PET scan is the only brain imaging method that relies on an injected solution that is used by active brain structures.)
- electroencephalograph (EEG) (Incorrect. The PET scan is the only brain imaging method that relies on an injected solution that is used by active brain structures.)
- computerized tomography (CT) scan (Incorrect. A CT scan would integrate multiple x-rays of a given area, but does not allow for assessing changes in brain activity in this manner.)
- positron emission tomography (PET) (Correct. The PET scan is the brain imaging method that relies on an injected solution that is used by active brain structures.)
A: positron emission tomography (PET)

Q: Which type of brain imaging is especially helpful in the study of sleep disorders?
- a positron emission tomography (PET) (Incorrect. The PET scan is the brain imaging method that relies on an injected solution that is used by active brain structures.)
- a functional MRI (fMRI) (Incorrect. The fMRI is a neuroimaging technique that uses a magnetic field to create images of brain structure and function.)
- computerized tomography (CT) scan (Incorrect. A CT scan would integrate multiple x-rays of a given area, but would not be helpful in the study of sleep disorders.)
- an electroencephalograph (EEG) (Correct. The EEG is a noninvasive electrical approach to determine electrical activity and quick changes in brain activity.)
A: an electroencephalograph (EEG)

Q: One reason the nature-nurture debates continues is because it is
- impossible to quantitatively measure the influence of either genetics or the environment on a person. (Incorrect. There are quantitative means of measuring the influence of either factor.)
- difficult to assign operational definitions to the terms. (Incorrect. The operational definitions of both “nature” and “nurture” are generally accepted.)
- understood that these influences really don’t make a big difference either way. (Incorrect. The impact of nature and nurture are not fully understood, but they are widely believed to play a large role in behavior.)
- difficult to study because people cannot be assigned to various genetic and environmental conditions. (Correct. It would not be ethical to assign humans to certain conditions.)
A: difficult to study because people cannot be assigned to various genetic and environmental conditions.

Q: Which types of twins have the same DNA, and are valuable in studying the influence of environmental factors on genetics?
- dizygotic (Incorrect. Since the genetic material is different, this would not be the best way.)
- fraternal (Incorrect. Since the genetic material is different, this would not be the best way.)
- female (Incorrect. It does not matter whether or not the twins are male or female.)
- monozygotic (Correct. Since their genetic material is the same, identical twin studies (particularly ones where they are separated at birth) are a powerful way to question nature v nurture.)
A: monozygotic

Q: Political attitudes, how much television people watch, and whether or not people get divorced are all influenced by
- parental attitudes. (Incorrect. While parental attitudes may be important, this is not the best answer.)
- the preferences of siblings. (Incorrect. Preference of siblings has not been shown to be a large consideration with these factors.)
- what type of news they watch. (Incorrect. Which news program a person watches does not influence these things.)
- genetics. (Correct. Genetics tends to play a large role across the life and lifespan.)
A: genetics.

Q: A measure of the strength of the relationship between individual differences in a given trait and individual genetic differences is called the
- quantitative genetic measure. (Incorrect. Quantitative genetics refer to methods for inferring genetic and environmental processes based on the degree of genetic and environmental similarity among organisms.)
- genetic inheritance. (Incorrect. Genetic inheritance refers to the traits and features that are inherited through a person’s genetics.)
- adoption studies (Incorrect. Adoption studies look to assess the similarities and differences between children and their adoptive and biological parents.)
- heritability coefficient. (Correct. A heritability coefficient is an easily misinterpreted statistic that measures the role of genetics in the explanation of differences between people.)
A: heritability coefficient.

Q: The study of “nature” in the nature-nurture debate is really a study of the ________ bases of behavior.
- environmental (Incorrect. Environmental factors are considered to be nurture.)
- neurological (Incorrect. Though the study of nurture would factor in some neurological behaviors, there are additional things that are considered.)
- psychological (Incorrect. Though there are certain psychological factors that are considered biological, the study of nature involves additional things that are considered.)
- biological (Correct. Researchers seek to understand the various traits that are passed down biologically, as they’re related to genetic make-up.)
A: biological

Q: ________ study how the interaction of genes and the environment cause individual differences in behavior.
- Evolutionary psychologists (incorrect. Evolutionary psychologists look at the changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time.)
- Historical psychologists (Incorrect. Historical psychologists do not study the interaction of genes with the environment and how it causes individual differences in behavior.)
- behavioral psychologists (Incorrect. Behavioral psychologist assess the effects of the environment on human behavior.)
- Behavioral geneticists (Conduct research that uses genetic methods to investigate the nature and origins of individual differences in behavior.)
A: Behavioral geneticists

Q: Each of our 46 ________ have a sequence of DNA, made up of ________, which determine traits and physical characteristics.
- phenotypes; chromosomes (Incorrect. A phenotype is a person’s inheritable physical characteristics, their chromosomes are long strands of genetic information.)
- alleles; genes (Incorrect. Alleles are a specific version of a gene, whereas genes are a unit of heredity that is passed down from the parent.)
- genes; alleles (Incorrect. Alleles are a specific version of a gene, whereas genes are a unit of heredity that is passed down from the parent.)
- chromosomes; genes (Correct. A gene is a unit of heredity that is passed down from a parent, chromosomes are long strands of genetic information.)
A: chromosomes; genes

Q: If Greg’s mother has a cleft chin (genotype Bb) and his father does not (genotype bb), what are the chances that Greg has a cleft chin?
- 25% (Incorrect. Greg’s chances of having a cleft chin are greater than 25%)
- 75% (Incorrect. Greg’s chances of having a cleft chin are not 75%.)
- 100% (Incorrect. Greg’s chances of having a cleft chin are less than 100%)
- 50% (Correct. Greg’s chances of having a cleft chin are 50%)
A: 50%

Q: Most traits are controlled by more than just one gene, meaning that they are
- Homozygous (Incorrect. Homozygous genes consist of two identical alleles.)
- heterozygous (Incorrect. Heterozygous genes consist of two different alleles.)
- dominant (Incorrect. A dominant gene is an allele whose phenotype will be expressed in an individual that possesses that allele.)
- polygenic (Correct. Polygenic means that multiple genes affect a specific trait.)
A: polygenic

Q: The idea that Sophia is born with high genetic potential for intelligence that determines the boundaries of her intelligence, but that her environment interacts with those genes to determine wherein her intelligence falls within those bounds is known as
- environmental determinism (Incorrect. Environmental determinism focuses on how individuals are limited by their environments.)
- epigenetics (Incorrect. Epigenetics is the study of heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence.)
- behavioral genetics (Incorrect. Behavioral genetics is the empirical science of how genes and environments combine to generate behavior.)
- range of reaction. (Correct. Range of reaction asserts that our genes set boundaries for us and how we operate in life.)
A: range of reaction.

Q: People born with a high genetic risk for schizophrenia were ________ likely to develop schizophrenia if they were raised in a healthy family environment than if they were raised in a disturbed family environment.
- more (Incorrect. A healthy family environment serves as a protective factor against the development of schizophrenia.)
- equally (Incorrect. Environment plays a role in the manifestation of schizophrenia.)
- not (Incorrect. Though the environment plays a role in the manifestation of schizophrenia, it does not fully overcome genetic risk.)
- less (Correct. Environment plays a role in the manifestation of schizophrenia.)
A: less

Q: The study of how the same genotype may lead to different phenotypes is known as
- range of reaction (Incorrect. Range of reaction asserts that our genes set boundaries for us and how we operate in life.)
- genetic environmental correlation (Incorrect. Genetic environmental correlation is the view of gene-environment interaction that asserts our genes affect our environment, and our environment influences the expression of our genes.)
- behavioral genetics (Incorrect. Behavioral genetics is the empirical science of how genes and environments combine to generate behavior.)
- epigenetics (Correct. Epigenetics is the study of heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence.)
A: epigenetics