Title: Personality
Course: Question Banks

Q: The first comprehensive theory of personality focused on unconscious drives and childhood experiences. It was developed by ________.
- Immanuel Kant (Incorrect. Kant’s personality theory was not comprehensive, and it focused on four distinct temperaments.)
- Wilhelm Wundt (Incorrect. Wundt’s theory of personality was not a comprehensive approach; it looked at personality on two axes: changeableness and emotionality.)
- Carl Jung (Incorrect. The Jungian approach to personality followed after Freud’s approach in the neo-Freudian tradition, and focused on the collective unconscious and personas.)
- Sigmund Freud (Correct. Freud’s comprehensive approach to personality is a psychodynamic approach focusing on psychosexual stages in childhood development.)
A: Sigmund Freud

Q: Which is the best definition of personality?
- the internal thoughts and processes that dictate a person’s cognitive function and intelligence. (Incorrect. This defines cognition, not personality. While cognition is part of personality, it is not the whole of personality.)
- the characteristics that define how a person thinks and responds to interactions with the world and others (Incorrect. This definition relies too much on other people to determine personality; personality is considered inherent to an individual, with or without the presence of others.)
- behaviors people have learned in response to certain stimuli in their environments (Incorrect. This sounds like learned or conditioned responses to stimuli in the environment.)
- the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways (Correct. Personality is relatively unchanging, and affects how we think feel, and act.)
A: the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways

Q: The Greek physician and philosopher, ________, developed a personality theory based around four temperaments that was prevalent for over a thousand years.
- Hippocrates (Incorrect. Hippocrates introduced the “humors” as a way of divining one’s temperament, but Galen developed on Hippocrates’s concept and turned these humors into personality types.)
- Freud (Incorrect. Freud’s psychodynamic approach is much younger than this, and focuses on psychosexual developmental stages, as well as the role of the conscious and unconscious mind.)
- Gall (Incorrect. Gall developed the pseudoscience of phrenology, measuring the skull and the unique bumps thereupon to determine personality traits and intelligence.)
- Galen (Correct. Galen built on Hippocrates’s “humors,” and suggested that disease and personality were a result of changes in levels of these humors.)
A: Galen

Q: During the late 18th century, ________ became a popular practice for interpreting personality traits and intelligence. It consisted of measuring and analyzing bumps and ridges on the brain.
- humors personality theory (Incorrect. The humors theory was conceptualized by the ancient philosopher Hippocrates.)
- four temperament theory (Incorrect. Derived from Hippocrates’s humors, Galen categorized the humors into four temperaments based on the balance of the bodily fluids each person possessed.)
- psychodynamic theory (Incorrect. Freud’s psychodynamic theory investigated early childhood memories, the unconscious mind, and psychosexual developmental stages in the formation of personality.)
- phrenology (Correct. The practice of phrenology involves studying the measurements, bumps, and ridges of a person’s head to determine one’s personality.)
A: phrenology

Q: Freud’s psychodynamic theory of personality focused on topics like
- conditioning and locus of control. (Incorrect. Conditioning is a behaviorist approach, and people learn a locus of control, primarily through conditioning. Freud’s psychodynamic theory is not a behaviorist approach.)
- potential and self-actualization. (Potential and self-actualization are concepts popular in the humanist perspective.)
- collective unconscious and archetypes. (Incorrect. Collective unconscious and archetypes are integral to Jung’s theory, which followed and modified Freud’s theories.)
- unconscious forces and childhood. (Correct. Freud’s psychodynamic theory of personality focused on unconscious forces and childhood conflicts.)
A: unconscious forces and childhood.

Q: According to Freud, when Martin accidentally said, “nice to beat you” while being introduced to his friend’s acquaintance on the opposing soccer team instead of “nice to meet you,” Martin’s unconscious desires were revealed. This is called a/an
- archetype (Incorrect. Archetypes are part of Jung’s personality theory, experienced as universal themes through the collective unconscious.)
- collective unconscious (Incorrect. The collective unconscious is a construct consisting of human history and memories, conceptualized by Jung in his personality theory.)
- passive-aggressive jab (Incorrect. Because Martin didn’t mean to say “nice to beat you,” on purpose, although subconsciously, he does want to beat this new opponent, he’s did not purposely say it as a form of passive-aggression, merely as a manifestation of his subconscious desire to win.)
- Freudian slip (Correct. Freud would say Martin’s unconscious desire to win was revealed with his slip of the tongue, saying “nice to beat you” upon meeting an opponent.)
A: Freudian slip

Q: What is the partly conscious self-evaluative, moralistic component of personality that is formed through the internalization of parental and societal rules?
- Id (That’s incorrect. The id consists of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.)
- Ego (That’s incorrect. The ego is the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.)
- Alter-ego (That’s incorrect. An alter-ego is a made up persona a person might pretend to be in order to hide his or her real identity; it is not part of Freud’s psychodynamic trio of personality components.)
- Superego (That’s correct! The superego is the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.)
A: Superego

Q: What is the completely unconscious, irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives; ruled by the pleasure principle?
- Ego (That’s incorrect. The ego is the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.)
- Superego (That’s incorrect. The superego is the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.)
- Archetype (That’s incorrect. An archetype is part of Jung’s theory of personality; archetypes represent common themes across cultures in human nature.)
- Id (That’s correct! The id consists of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.)
A: Id

Q: What is the partly conscious rational component of personality that regulates thoughts and behavior and is most in touch with reality?
- Id (That’s incorrect. The id consists of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.)
- Superego (That’s incorrect. The superego is the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.)
- Personality (That’s incorrect. Freud’s theory of personality includes the id, superego, and the ego, and the ego balances the pleasure-seeking demands of the id and the moralistic demands of the superego with the reality principle.)
- Ego (That’s correct! The ego is the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.)
A: Ego

Q: Trayden is a high school teacher who was criticized by the principal for having a disruptive class. When Trayden got home that night, he argued with his wife and kicked the dog. This is an example of which defense mechanism?
- sublimation (Incorrect. If Trayden had instead taken his anger and turned it into a more socially acceptable response, such as making a nice dinner for his wife, this would be an example of sublimation.)
- rationalization (Incorrect. Rationalization would more likely involve Trayden making excuses for his class, such as: they were rowdy after physical education class, or his class has a bunch of juvenile delinquents, and they are inherently hard to manage.)
- denial (Incorrect. If Trayden simply denied his class was acting out, or claimed every class was equally disruptive, this would be an example of denial.)
- displacement (Correct. This is an example of displacement, because Trayden may have wanted to take his aggression out on the principal, but transferred those feelings to a safer, innocent target (his wife and dog), that wouldn’t get him fired.)
A: displacement

Q: Lisa was not prepared to be a mother and felt guilty for not welcoming her child when he was born. As a result, she tries to prove her love by becoming overindulgent and overprotective of the child. This is an example of which defense mechanism?
- displacement (Incorrect. Lisa is not transferring any unloving feelings to any other being; instead she is overcompensating for her previous feelings of unpreparedness with an abundance of love.)
- rationalization (Incorrect. If Lisa felt unprepared to have a child and then neglected her child, she might use rationalization to defend her inattentiveness, but this is not the case here.)
- regression (Incorrect. Lisa has not reverted to an earlier stage of development in order to deal with her feelings, as would be indicated in regression.)
- reaction formation (Correct. Lisa is overcompensating for her previous feeling of not being prepared for motherhood by trying to be the best mother she can, turning her non-maternal instincts into super maternal behaviors.)
A: reaction formation

Q: Trevor, an aggressive child, had problems in elementary school, as he would frequently fight with other children. Trevor found when he entered high school that he could channel his hostility into sports such as football and rugby. This is an example of which defense mechanism
- displacement (Incorrect. By transferring his aggression into competition in contact sports, Trevor is not displacing his aggression or hostility to an innocent or safer target, but instead channeling that aggression into something more positive.)
- projection (Incorrect. Trevor is not attributing his aggression and hostility to someone else; instead, he is redirecting it in a more positive manner into something recreational.)
- reaction-formation (Incorrect. If Trevor was using reaction-formation as a defense mechanism, he might have chosen a non-contact sport or artform-- something opposite to his aggression and hostility.)
- sublimation (Correct. Trevor is transferring his aggression into a more positive channel with contact sports.)
A: sublimation

Q: Holly likes to have other people do things for her, but is quick to criticize others for being dependent and lazy. This is an example of which defense mechanism?
- displacement (Incorrect. Displacement involves transferring one’s anger to a safer, easier target, but Holly’s issue isn’t anger.)
- regression (Incorrect. Regression involves a return to an earlier developmental state; nothing here suggests Holly is regressing.)
- reaction-formation (If Holly were using reaction-formation, she’d likely become overly independent and active in reaction to her own feelings of laziness in order to counter them.)
- projection (Correct. Holly is quick to criticize others for being dependent and lazy because their actions mirror her own and she doesn’t want to face the reality that she’s acting like them.)
A: projection

Q: After Stephen was rejected by the admissions office at Yale, he claimed that he wouldn’t enjoy such a large school anyway. This is an example of which defense mechanism?
- displacement (Incorrect. If Stephen became irate at the news of his rejection and wanted to rage against Yale, but instead, yelled at his younger siblings, this would be a display of displacement.)
- reaction formation (Incorrect. Reaction formation involves adopting an opposing opinion in order to reduce anxiety; if, after rejection, Stephen firmly decided that Yale was a low-quality school, after once loving it, this might be an example of reaction formation.)
- regression (Incorrect. If, in reaction to his rejection, Stephen sought out his favorite childhood blanket for comfort and began carrying it around for emotional support, this would be an example of regression.)
- rationalization (Correct. Stephen is using rationalization to make himself feel better about the rejection, claiming he would probably dislike Yale anyways.)
A: rationalization

Q: Tomas refuses to admit that he needs to visit the dentist, even though he’s had a toothache for a week. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
- displacement (Incorrect. If the toothache was making Thomas grumpy at work and he wanted to punch a co-worker who has shiny teeth, but instead Thomas goes home and refuses to play fetch with his dog, this might be an example of displacement.)
- rationalization (Incorrect. If Thomas said something like, “The last time I went to the dentist all they did was take an x-ray, so I don’t expect they would help,” this would be an example of rationalization.)
- projection (Incorrect. If, while refusing to go to the dentist, Thomas tells his wife she needs to go to the dentist because she has a toothache, this would be projection.)
- denial (Correct. Thomas is practicing denial by refusing to admit his tooth needs to be seen by a dentist.)
A: denial

Q: According to Freud, a person may wish to reduce anxiety and protect the ego by utilizing
- Freudian slips. (Incorrect. Freudian slips are thought to be unconscious manifestations of subconscious desires.)
- the counterbalance of the superego. (Incorrect. The superego is the counterbalance to the pleasure-seeking id. The ego mediates between the id and the superego, so if a person were to increase the influence of his or her superego, anxiety would increase, not decrease.)
- the fight or flight reaction (Incorrect. The fight or flight reaction is typically activated as a response to a threat or imminent danger, activating the sympathetic nervous system. The ego protective mechanisms Freud suggested were not of the hormonal variety.)
- defense mechanisms. (Correct. Defense mechanisms help reduce anxiety produced by the battle between the id’s pleasure-seeking principle and the superego’s guilt and shame mechanisms, by allowing the ego to distort thoughts or perceptions of reality, restoring peace.)
A: defense mechanisms.

Q: According to Freud, a child who is weaned too early or too late, may become fixated in the ________ stage of development.
- anal (Incorrect. The anal stage of psychosexual development focused on bodily excretions and toilet training. According to Freud, a child trained too strictly may become anal-retentive, and a child trained too leniently might become anal-expulsive (messy and disorganized) as an adult.)
- phallic (Incorrect. One who is fixated in the phallic stage may retain the Oedipus or Electra complex, always in competition for the affection of their opposite-sex parent with their same-sex parent. This may manifest as an adult personality of vanity or overambition.)
- genital (Incorrect. The genital stage is the last of Freud’s stages of psychosexual development, where, if the individual has resolved the conflicts of previous stages, he or she will find suitable partners for their sexual feelings.)
- oral (Correct. Freud believed that an oral fixation could result if a child was weaned earlier than he or she was ready, leading to an adult oral fixation.)
A: oral

Q: According to Freud, the ________ personality is stingy and stubborn, has a compulsive need for order and neatness, and might be considered a perfectionist.
- phallic-retentive (Incorrect. Phallic-retentive isn’t a commonly used term to describe any of Freud’s psychosexual theory’s concepts.)
- oral-fixated (Incorrect. The oral-fixated personality is focused on the mouth and is associated with the weaning process. An individual who was weaned improperly may develop an oral fixation and develop habits such as overeating, nail biting, and smoking.)
- Oedipal (Incorrect. One who hasn’t resolved the phallic stage may retain an element of the Oedipus complex, which Freud derived from the Greek myth, involving the desire to kill one’s father and mate with one’s mother.)
- anal-retentive (Correct. In Freud’s theory, one who becomes fixated in the anal stage of development (due to strict toilet training) may become an adult with anal-retentive personality characteristics such as perfectionism and neatness.)
A: anal-retentive

Q: Five-year-old Savanna has become very competitive with her mother for her father’s affections and quite defiantly states that she is “Going to marry Daddy when I grow up!” Which psychosexual stage does this exemplify?
- Oral stage (That’s incorrect. Based on Freud’s psychodynamic theory, Savanna’s feelings of resentment toward her mother and affection for her father suggest that she is in the stage of psychosexual development that corresponds to the experience of the Electra complex.)
- Anal stage (That’s incorrect. Based on Freud’s psychodynamic theory, Savanna’s feelings of resentment toward her mother and affection for her father suggest that she is in the stage of psychosexual development that corresponds to the experience of the Electra complex.)
- Genital stage (That’s incorrect. When the adolescent reaches the genital stage, she has given up on competition for her father’s affections and come to identify with her mother, having resolved the Electra complex. At the genital stage, Savanna would seek more socially acceptable partners in her peer group.)
- Phallic stage (That’s correct! According to Freud’s psychodynamic theory, the phallic stage is the third psychosexual stage, lasting from the ages of about 3 to 6 years, and is marked by attention on the genitals and the development of the Oedipus (Electra) complex. Savanna’s feelings of resentment toward her mother and affection for her father indicate that she is experiencing the Electra complex.)
A: Phallic stage

Q: As humans develop from nursing babies, potty-training toddlers, and eventually into adults, Freud claims they pass through several psychosexual stages. Which is the correct order of stages proposed by Freud?
- anal, latency, phallic, oral, genital (Incorrect. The first two phases are given in the question stem: the oral stage starts from birth, followed by the anal stage with toilet training, then come the other stages: phallic, with the Oedipus/Electra complex, latency (focusing away from sexuality), then the genital stage, with finding socially acceptable mates.)
- genital, oral, anal, latency, phallic (Incorrect. The first two phases are given in the question stem: the oral stage starts from birth, followed by the anal stage with toilet training, then come the other stages: phallic, with the Oedipus/Electra complex, latency (focusing away from sexuality), then the genital stage, with finding socially acceptable mates.)
- oral, anal, phallic, genital, latency (Incorrect. The first two phases are given in the question stem: the oral stage starts from birth, followed by the anal stage with toilet training, then come the other stages: phallic, with the Oedipus/Electra complex, latency (focusing away from sexuality), then the genital stage, with finding socially acceptable mates.)
- oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital (Correct. The first two phases are given in the question stem: the oral stage starts from birth, followed by the anal stage with toilet training, then come the other stages: phallic, with the Oedipus/Electra complex, latency (focusing away from sexuality), then the genital stage, with finding socially acceptable mates.)
A: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Q: Which Neo-Freudian emphasized the importance of the collective unconscious?
- Adler (That’s incorrect. Adler suggested that some individuals can develop an inferiority complex.)
- Horney (That’s incorrect. Horney disagreed with Freud’s notion of penis envy.)
- Erikson (That’s incorrect. Erikson proposed a theory that personality development occurs throughout the lifespan, and is not fixed early in life, contrary to Freud’s belief.)
- Jung (That’s correct! Jung believed that the deepest part of the individual psyche is the collective unconscious, which is shared by all people and reflects humanity’s collective evolutionary history.)
A: Jung

Q: Neo-Freudians generally agreed that ________ experiences are important in personality development, but that ________ experiences are not as significant.
- sexual; social (Incorrect. Neo-Freudians broke with Freud on his emphasis of childhood sexuality, but agreed that social experiences are significant.)
- childhood; cultural (Incorrect. Neo-Freudians believe both childhood and cultural experiences are important in personality development.)
- social; childhood (Incorrect. Neo-Freudians emphasize the significance of social, cultural, and childhood experiences, and disagree with Freud’s emphasis on sexuality.)
- childhood; sexual (Correct. Neo-Freudians believed early childhood experiences were important in the development of personality, but de-emphasized sexuality.)
A: childhood; sexual

Q: According to Jung, the “memories” and stories that are shared in the collective unconscious of all people are known as
- personas. (Incorrect. According to Jung, a persona is a role we take on or a mask we don to conform to societal expectations and hide any perceived personal flaws.)
- schemas. (Incorrect. Schemas are patterns of behavior that guide our perceptions. These differ from stories in the collective unconscious, as schemas can change and evolve over time and with a person’s experience.)
- drives. (Incorrect. Drives, or instincts, are predetermined patterns of behavior over which a person has little to no control.)
- archetypes. (Correct. Jung referred to these shared memories of universal themes in the collective unconscious as archetypes.)
A: archetypes.

Q: The masks that people wear in different situations are known as
- Archetypes. (Incorrect. In Jung’s theory of personality, archetypes are memories in the collective unconscious that carry the same themes across cultures and societies, such as the hero, the warrior, and the joker.)
- schemas. (Incorrect. Schemas are characteristic ways we interpret situations and problems, which guide our perception of people and events.)
- personalities. (Incorrect. While the word personality derives from the Latin word persona, the term personality describes a person’s relatively permanent, stable, long-standing pattern of traits and characteristic ways of behaving across different circumstances.)
- personas. (Correct. According to Jung’s personality theory, people adopt different personas to fit different situations they are in, to conform to societal expectations.)
A: personas.

Q: Which Neo-Freudian disagreed with Freud’s notion of penis envy?
- Jung (That’s incorrect. Jung emphasized the importance of the collective unconscious.)
- Adler (That’s incorrect. Adler suggested that some individuals can develop an inferiority complex.)
- Erikson (That’s incorrect. Erikson placed developmental emphasis on the resolution of different crises at different developmental stages throughout life.)
- Horney (That’s correct! Horney sharply disagreed with Freud’s interpretation of female development, especially the notion that women suffer from penis envy. Horney contended that what women envy in men is not their penis, but their superior status in society.)
A: Horney

Q: Which Neo-Freudian suggested that some individuals can develop an inferiority complex:
- Jung (That’s incorrect. Jung emphasized the importance of the collective unconscious.)
- Horney (That’s incorrect. Horney disagreed with Freud’s notion of penis envy.)
- Erikson (That’s incorrect. Erikson believed there were more developmental crises to overcome than this; he proposed eight stages of development, each with a corresponding crisis which needs to be resolved for healthy lifespan development.)
- Adler (That’s correct! Adler maintained that when people are unable to compensate for specific weaknesses or when their feelings of inferiority are excessive, they can develop an inferiority complex -- a general sense of inadequacy, weakness, and helplessness.)
A: Adler

Q: Jermaine is out with some friends when they decide to play a prank on one of their other friends. According to Bandura, Jermaine’s desire to participate is influenced by his thoughts and beliefs about the prank, the likelihood of being socially rewarded, and ________.
- his personality (Incorrect. Bandura believed in reciprocal determination, so the factors affecting Jermaine’s desire to participate would be his thoughts and beliefs about the prank, the likelihood of reward, and the situational factors surrounding it.)
- self-efficacy. (Incorrect. Self-efficacy would fall under the category of Jermaine’s thoughts and beliefs about the prank and his ability to carry it out.)
- locus of control. (Incorrect. The answer is looking for the third element of Bandura’s concept of reciprocal determinism, not locus of control, as posited by Rotter.)
- situational factors (Correct. The factors affecting Jermaine’s decision would follow reciprocal determinism, according to Bandura, including cognitions, behaviors, and situational factors.)
A: situational factors

Q: What are the three components of reciprocal determinism?
- thoughts, feelings, and attitudes (Incorrect. Thoughts, feelings, and attitudes only incorporate cognitive factors, one of the three components of reciprocal determinism.)
- learned responses, social forces, and situational influences (Incorrect. Learned responses are just part of the behavioral component of reciprocal determinism, and social forces can have cognitive, behavioral, and situational components, making this answer incomplete.)
- self-efficacy, observational learning, environmental factors (Incorrect. Bandura introduced the concept of observational learning to behaviorism, and examined self-efficacy, taking environmental factors into account in each situation, but this does not encompass all concepts of reciprocal determinism.)
- behavior, cognitive factors, situational factors (Correct. These are the components of reciprocal determinism: our behaviors, our cognitions about those behaviors and our self-efficacy, and situational factors.)
A: behavior, cognitive factors, situational factors

Q: A person with high self-efficacy would likely
- avoid challenging tasks. (Incorrect. A person with low self-efficacy is most likely to avoid challenging tasks, in order to avoid the possibility of failure.)
- lose confidence in the face of opposition. (Incorrect. Losing confidence in the face of opposition would be characteristic of someone with low self-efficacy, not high self-efficacy.)
- set unrealistically high goals (Incorrect. A person with high self-efficacy is not delusional in their estimation of their abilities; they tend to set challenging goals they can meet, and gradually increase the difficulty of their goals as their skills progress. Setting unrealistically high goals would be something one with low self-efficacy would do to rationalize their inability to meet the challenge they set.)
- set attainable goals. (Correct. A person with high self-efficacy generally knows their own capabilities and sets goals that are difficult, yet attainable, until they accomplish the task they have set about to complete.)
A: set attainable goals.

Q: Confidence in our own abilities is something Albert Bandura called ________.
- reciprocal determinism. (Incorrect. Reciprocal determinism refers to how the three factors of cognitive factors, situational factors, and behaviors all affect one another to determine our behavior.)
- an internal locus of control. (Incorrect. An internal locus of control generally correlates with a high level of self-efficacy; but they are separate constructs. Having an internal locus of control means we believe we have control over the events in our lives, and that we are not simply bystanders or victims to outside forces.)
- an external locus of control (Incorrect. Having an external locus of control indicates that the individual feels external forces control the outcomes and events in his/her life, and that he/she can do little to change the situation.)
- self-efficacy (Correct. Self-efficacy refers to our confidence in our own abilities; we can have high or low self-efficacy.)
A: self-efficacy

Q: Alysha believes that she is good at basketball because she has put forth countless hours of practice and effort. Julian Rotter would say that Alysha has ________.
- an external locus on control (Incorrect. If Alysha attributed her success at basketball to an inherited genetic ability for it, for example, this might exhibit an external locus of control, as the attribution is not to her own hard work.)
- good self-regulation (Incorrect. While Alysha shows discipline and is likely good at self-regulation, this is not one of Rotter’s key concepts. Self-regulation refers to one’s ability to control one’s emotional responses and actions, also known as self-control or will power.)
- medium self-efficacy (Incorrect. Rotter was concerned with locus of control, not self-efficacy, which is generally only referred to as high or low. Rotter would say Alysha has an internal locus of control.)
- an internal locus of control (Correct. Alysha exhibits an internal locus of control because she believes it’s her hard work that makes her good at basketball, not some matter of chance, fate, or genetics.)
A: an internal locus of control

Q: Jordan got in a car accident and blamed it all on his mom for making him hurry home and the other driver for not pressing on their brakes sooner. Julian Rotter would say that Jordan has ________.
- an internal locus of control (Incorrect. An internal locus of control involves the belief that one controls the events that take place around them. If Jordan had taken responsibility for speeding or braking too slowly, for example, then he’d be exhibiting an internal locus of control.)
- low self-efficacy (Incorrect. There is no indication that Jordan, regardless of his locus of control, has low self-efficacy as a driver. In fact, because he attributes the accident to outside forces, he may feel he is a superb driver and take no personal responsibility for the incident.)
- high self-efficacy (Incorrect. Rotter is concerned with locus of control. We do not know whether Jordan has high or low self-efficacy regarding driving. He may be making external excuses because of internal insecurity about driving, or because of inflated confidence.)
- an external locus of control (Correct. Jordan’s attributions of events display an external locus of control, as he takes no personal responsibility for the accident, but instead attributes it to forces outside himself.)
A: an external locus of control

Q: Walter Mischel designed the ________ to test will power, also known as ________.
- cupcake study; self-efficacy (Incorrect. Mischel’s experiment was called the marshmallow test, which determined self-regulation, not self-efficacy.)
- Bobo doll experiment; grit (Incorrect. Bandura designed the Bobo doll experiment, which demonstrated observational learning in children.)
- marshmallow test; locus of control (Incorrect. Mischel designed the marshmallow test to test will power or self-regulation, not locus of control.)
- marshmallow test; self-regulation (Correct. Mischel designed the marshmallow test to measure one’s self-regulation, to determine whether a child could delay gratification of one marshmallow immediately, or wait for the later reward of two.)
A: marshmallow test; self-regulation

Q: According to Carl Rogers, we find ________ when our thoughts about our real self and ideal self are very similar.
- incongruence (Incorrect. Incongruence is a disconnect or gulf between our desired selves and our actual selves.)
- self-concept (Incorrect. Our self-concept is the term which refers to how we feel about ourselves and the congruence between our real selves and our ideal selves.)
- self-control (Incorrect. Rogers, a humanist, believed in self-concept, and when our real self-concepts align with our ideal self-concepts, we find congruence.)
- congruence (Correct. Our self-concept is considered congruent when we closely match our ideal selves and our real selves.)
A: congruence

Q: Which personality researchers would claim that personality is also formed by individual choices and not determined by biology?
- Skinner and Freud (Incorrect. Skinner was a strict behaviorist, while Freud believed in unconscious psychodynamic forces. Neither of these factored personal choice into the formation of personality.)
- Jung and Erikson (Incorrect. As neo-Freudians, Jung and Erikson each de-emphasized the role of childhood sexuality. Jung believed personality arose from the collective unconscious and people fit archetypes and differed in introversion and extraversion. Erikson posited psychosocial crises and lifespan development, which accounts for personal choice.)
- Freud and Maslow (Incorrect. Freud approached personality from a psychodynamic perspective, believing personality was set by early childhood, while Maslow advocated for a more holistic approach to human development, as one strives for self-actualization and self-transcendence.)
- Rogers and Maslow (Correct. Rogers and Maslow pioneered the humanistic approach to personality, which focuses on healthy human development and personal choice.)
A: Rogers and Maslow

Q: ________ is considered the “third force” in psychology because it rejects the notion that childhood experiences (psychoanalysis) or other forces in the environment (behaviorism) dictate a person’s personality.
- Feminism (Incorrect. Feminism is a social approach to gender issues and inequalities, which may affect how a person views the world, but is not itself a personality theory.)
- Social-cognition theory (Incorrect. Social-cognitive theory, as proposed by Bandura, incorporates concepts of reciprocal determinism, self-efficacy, and observational learning, making it a more comprehensive theory than behaviorism or psychoanalysis, but is not the stated “third force.”)
- Biological determinism (Incorrect. Biological determinism would state that personality is set from birth.)
- Humanism (Correct. Humanism accounts for the healthy development of people and their personalities, through their experiences and interpretations of themselves and the world and phenomena around them.)
A: Humanism

Q: According to the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, ________ twins have very similar personalities when ________.
- fraternal; together (Incorrect. Fraternal twins share fewer of the same genes than identical twins, so the similarity of personalities among fraternal twins, even when raised together, is no higher than non-twin siblings.)
- identical; apart (Incorrect. Identical twins share the same genes, and the heritability rate for personality is significant for identical twins, whether raised together or apart, suggesting a strong biological component.)
- fraternal; together or apart (Incorrect. Fraternal twins share fewer of the same genes than identical twins, so the similarity of personalities among fraternal twins, even when raised together, is no higher than non-twin siblings, and is lower among fraternal twins raised apart.)
- identical; together or apart (Correct. Identical twins share the same genes, and the heritability rate for personality is significant for identical twins, whether raised together or apart, suggesting a strong biological component.)
A: identical; together or apart

Q: Our temperament is influenced by ________, or how we respond to new or challenging environmental stimuli and  ________, our ability to control our response.
- self-regulation; reactivity (Incorrect. Although the two terms are connected, these definitions are backwards. Self-regulation refers to our ability to control our responses, and reactivity refers to those responses we make in reaction to various stimuli.)
- heritability; interactivity (Incorrect. While our temperament is influenced to some degree by heritability, the definition provided defines reactivity. Self-regulation is our ability to control our responses.)
- reactivity; locus of control (Incorrect. The first definition is correct; reactivity is how we respond to new or challenging environmental stimuli, but locus of control deals with our perception of whether we control our outcomes or if they are controlled by outside forces.)
- reactivity; self-regulation (Correct. Reactivity refers to how we respond to a given situation or stimulus, and self-regulation involves our ability for control over our responses.)
A: reactivity; self-regulation

Q: Genetic influences are represented by a measure that estimates how much of some behavior is due to genetic influences; this measure is referred to as ________.
- personality
- Incorrect. Personality is the relatively stable, long-term characteristic pattern of behaviors and traits a person has.
- temperament (Incorrect. Temperament is usually used to describe infants, whether they are difficult, slow-to-warm-up, or easy babies. Components of adult temperament include reactivity and self-regulation.)
- epigenetics (Incorrect. Epigenetic factors play a role in determining whether a specific gene is expressed or not.)
- heritability (Correct. Heritability is a measure of the proportion of difference among people that can be attributed to genetics.)
A: heritability

Q: The early trait theorist, ________, found 4,500 words to describe people and then organized these into different trait categories.
- Sybil Eysenck (Incorrect. The Eysencks viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: extroversion/introversion and neuroticism/stability.)
- Carl Rogers (Incorrect. Rogers was a humanist, focusing on such personality dimensions as self-concept, congruence, and unconditional positive regard, with an emphasis on healthy development.)
- Raymond Cattell (Incorrect. Cattell narrowed the list down to around 171 characteristics, which he made into a 16-factor model of personality dimensions, called the 16PF.)
- Gordon Allport (Correct. Allport organized these traits into three primary categories: cardinal traits, central traits, and secondary traits.)
A: Gordon Allport

Q: Although uncommon, a ________ personality trait is one that dominates an entire personality.
- central (Incorrect. These central traits are the central building blocks of our personality, and we are defined by several central traits, according to Allport.)
- secondary (Incorrect. Secondary traits are those that are more situationally-specific and changeable, and may not always present themselves in obvious ways.)
- primary (Incorrect. Cardinal is the correct term for the dominating personality trait, according to Allport’s theory.)
- cardinal (Correct. This kind of trait is essentially the entirety of a person’s purpose and being, according to Allport, who proposed three kinds of traits: cardinal, central, and secondary traits.)
A: cardinal

Q: Crystal is friendly, compassionate, and sincere nearly all of the time, but if she is in an unfamiliar situation with no one she knows, she can be cold and unfriendly. This less consistent trait is considered a ________ personality trait.
- cardinal (Incorrect. Rare, cardinal traits are so central to one’s being they are a person’s defining characteristic.)
- central (Incorrect. Central characteristics are consistent traits that make up our personalities.)
- tertiary (Incorrect. Tertiary traits were not part of Allport’s theory; only cardinal, central, and secondary traits were part of his theory.)
- secondary (Correct. This is a secondary trait because it does not present itself all the time, but only in certain situations, as the one described above.)
A: secondary

Q: ________ designed a personality test where each of 16 personality traits was scored on a continuum from high to low.
- Sybil Eysenck (Incorrect. Eysenck proposed two dimensions of personality traits: introversion-extraversion, and neuroticism-stability.)
- Carl Rogers (Incorrect. Rogers was a humanist, focusing on such personality dimensions as self-concept, congruence, and unconditional positive regard, with an emphasis on healthy development.)
- Gordon Allport (Incorrect. Allport’s personality theory proposed three types of personality traits: cardinal, central, and secondary traits.)
- Raymond Cattell (Correct. Cattell’s personality test, called the 16PF, tested these 16 personality traits on a continuum.)
A: Raymond Cattell

Q: The Eysencks’ view of personality divides people into four quadrants, depending if they are either ________ or ________.
- phlegmatic or choleric; sanguine or problematic (Incorrect. The resulting four quadrants from the intersection on the neuroticism-stability scale and the introversion-extroversion scale are: phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine, and melancholic.)
- extroverted or stable; neurotic or psychotic. (Incorrect. Extroversion is on the opposite end of the spectrum from introversion, while neuroticism is on the other end of the spectrum from stability.)
- introverted or neurotic; extroverted or stable (Incorrect. The Eysencks divided people according to two dimensions: stability-neuroticism and introversion-extroversion.)
- extroverted or introverted; neurotic or stable (Correct. These are the two personality dimensions the Eysencks viewed people as having: extroverted or introverted personality, and stable or unstable (neurotic) emotions, which placed people into one of four quadrants of personality “type.”)
A: extroverted or introverted; neurotic or stable

Q: What are the big five traits measured in the five factor model of personality?
- optimism, carefulness, extroversion, activism, and neatness (Incorrect. Although these letters match the letters for the acronym for the big five, they are not the big five personality traits the five factor model measures: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Only extroversion from this list is in the big five.)
- openness, concentration, impulsivity, altruism, and conformity. (Incorrect. These are not the big five traits. Only openness from this list is in the big five. Some of these characteristics align with elements of big five traits, but they are not the big five. OCEAN is an easy mnemonic to use to remember the big five: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.)
- openness, creativity, esteem, agreeableness, and positivity. (Incorrect. Only openness and agreeableness from this list are big five traits. The other traits that make up the big five are conscientiousness, extroversion, and neuroticism.)
- openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (Correct. These are the big five traits measured in the five factor model of personality.)
A: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

Q: If Regina has a high score in extroversion and a low score in conscientiousness on the Big 5 personality test, she is likely to be
- adventure-seeking and calm. (Incorrect. Adventure-seeking is associated with both high openness and extroversion, and calmness is associated with low neuroticism. We don’t know Regina’s scores on openness and neuroticism.)
- warm and curious. (Incorrect. Warmth is positively associated with extraversion, but curiosity is associated with openness, on which we don’t know Regina’s score.)
- dependable and helpful (Incorrect. Because we know Regina’s score is low on conscientiousness, she may not be particularly dependable. We don’t know her score on agreeableness, however, to know whether she’d be a helpful person or not.)
- outgoing and disorganized. (Correct. A score high in extroversion is associated with an outgoing nature, while a score low in conscientiousness is consistent with disorganization.)
A: outgoing and disorganized.

Q: If Trey has a high score in neuroticism and a low score in extroversion on the Big 5 personality test, he is likely to be
- outgoing and critical. (Incorrect. We already know Trey scores low on extroversion, so he’s not likely to be outgoing, but we don’t know his agreeableness score to know his level of criticality.)
- nervous and secure. (Incorrect. Trey’s score on extroversion is low; therefore he’s likely nervous and insecure, being prone to negative emotions.)
- quiet and helpful (Incorrect. While we know Trey is introverted, therefore, likely quiet, we don’t know his agreeableness score to know how helpful he might be.)
- anxious and quiet. (Correct. If Trey scores high on neuroticism, this is positively correlated with anxiety, while low extroversion scores are correlated with being quiet (or introverted).)
A: anxious and quiet.

Q: Aarush is a psychologist from Sri Lanka who developed a personality test that he believes fairly represents and measures the types of traits important to the people in his country. This follows the ________ approach to the study of personality.
- culture (Incorrect. This approach addresses different cultures and their different ways of viewing personality, but it is not called the culture approach.)
- feminist (Incorrect. Feminism addresses cultural differences in gender norms, expectations, and especially gender inequalities. It’s not generally considered a personality theory.)
- traditionalist (Incorrect. The approach which attempts to represent people of different cultures fairly is called the indigenous approach, not the traditionalist approach, which might imply what kind of culture it studied.)
- indigenous (Correct. The indigenous approach attempts to study personality within people’s own cultural context, rather than applying Western standards to all people studied.)
A: indigenous

Q: People who live in ________ cultures tend to believe that independence, competition, and personal achievement are important
- collectivist (Incorrect. Collectivist cultures tend to value social harmony, respect, and group needs over the needs of the individual.)
- indigenous (Incorrect. Indigenous is a term that refers to the native culture of a given place, so an indigenous approach would be based on constructs relevant to the culture being studied.)
- agrarian (Incorrect. The difference between agrarian and technological societies and their personality traits was not discussed in the chapter; the primary area of difference addressed was the degree to which a society is individualist or collectivist and how that affects personality.)
- individualist (Correct. These are individualist values, placing the emphasis on individual achievement and progress.)
A: individualist

Q: The ________ approach seeks to test Western ideas about personality in other cultures to determine whether they can be generalized and if they have cultural validity.
- indigenous (Incorrect. An indigenous approach would be based on constructs relevant to the culture being studied.)
- combined (Incorrect. The combined approach attempts to use elements of both the cultural-comparative approach and the indigenous approach, combining Western methods which have validity, and indigenous approaches to account for differences between individual cultures.)
- hybrid (Incorrect. This is a synonym for combined, the approach that uses elements of both the cultural-comparative and indigenous approaches together.)
- cultural-comparative (Correct. This approach attempts to determine generalizability and validity of Western personality tests and measures in other cultures.)
A: cultural-comparative

Q: Which personality test uses images and storytelling cues that relate to minority, especially Latino, populations?
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) (Incorrect. The MMPI uses a series of true/false questions as a diagnostic tool, and as an occupational screening tool. It is not a projective test.)
- Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) (Incorrect. There is a more specialized version of this projective test that relates better to minority populations. The TAT provides a picture and asks the respondent to make up a story, and their answers are analyzed for any signs of disorder; this test is highly subjective.)
- Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB) (Incorrect. The RISB provides a series of short sentences the respondent completes with short responses. This projective test is designed to reveal hidden desires, fears, and struggles.)
- TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test (Correct. The TEMAS (tell-me-a-story) multicultural TAT is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to minority groups, especially Hispanic youths.)
A: TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

Q: Unconscious processes and hidden thoughts or desires are tested through ________ personality tests, such as the TAT.
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) (Incorrect. The MMPI is a common diagnostic tool that utilizes a true-false self-reporting measure to screen people for clinical diagnoses or for occupational suitability.)
- trait analysis (Incorrect. Trait analysis usually involves self-report measures, not projective tests. Trait analysis measures a person’s score on a continuum of a specific trait.)
- self-report (Incorrect. Self-report inventories usually have straightforward answering keys, using Likert-type scales, or true/false questions, unlike projective tests.)
- projective (Correct. Projective tests attempt to uncover unconscious processes or hidden thoughts and desires, often through ambiguous stimuli.)
A: projective

Q: One of the most widely used personality tests, consisting of several hundred true/false questions is the
- Rorschach Inkblot Test (Incorrect. The Rorschach test is a highly subjective projective test, asking respondents to interpret inkblots in an attempt to uncover hidden feelings, desires, and struggles.)
- TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test (Incorrect. The TEMAS (tell-me-a-story) multicultural TAT is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to minority groups, especially Hispanic youths.)
- Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB) (Incorrect. The RISB provides a series of short sentences the respondent completes with short responses. This projective test is designed to reveal hidden desires, fears, and struggles.)
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) (Correct. The MMPI is comprised of true/false tests, and is used in clinical and occupational screening processes.)
A: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Q: Robert Williams developed the first culturally specific projective test designed to reflect the everyday life experiences of African Americans. This is known as the
- MMPI (Incorrect. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a self-report measure ~feedback: Incorrect. The Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB) test provides a series of short sentences the respondent completes with short responses. This projective test is designed to reveal hidden desires, fears, and struggles.)
- comprised of true/false tests, widely used in clinical and occupational screening processes.
- TEMAS (Incorrect. The TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test was designed to be culturally relevant to minority groups, but especially Hispanic youths.)
- RISB
- C-TCB (Correct. This test is designed to be culturally relevant to African Americans, and use of the C-TCB led to increased story length, higher degrees of positive feelings, and stronger identification with the C-TCB, compared to the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).)
A: C-TCB

Q: Researchers who administered the blirt test wanted to check its reliability by giving students the test another time. Which of the following graphs show the most reliable results (the x-axis shows the original text scores, and the y-axis shows the re-test scores).
A: (a choice with no text)
Feedback: This shows no correlation between test and retest. In other words, the score on the original test had no relation to the score on the retest.
Feedback: This shows a negative correlation between test and retest. People who scored high in Blirtatiousness on the test were low on the retest. People who were low in Blirtatiousness on the test were high on the retest. People in the middle stayed in the middle.
Feedback: This shows a positive correlation between test and retest. People who were high in Blirtatiousness on the test, also scored high on the retest. People who were low in Blirtatiousness on the test, were low on the retest. And people in the middle stayed in the middle. This is the best answer. Reliability is consistency, and the positive correlation gives that result: your score stays about the same when you take the test several times.

Q: If a research team wants to test the validity of their new personality questionnaire, which of the following would you recommend?
- Administer the test multiple times. (Incorrect. Testing multiple times would help check for reliability and not validity.)
- Compare their test results with other dissimilar studies to ensure they get the same kinds of results. (Incorrect. You’d want to test the study against other similar studies.)
- Administer the test to different segments of the population. (Incorrect. While this may be helpful, this does not aid in testing validity.)
- Compare their test results with other similar personality tests to see if they get similar kinds of results. (Correct! A test is valid if it tests the thing it is designed to test.)
A: Compare their test results with other similar personality tests to see if they get similar kinds of results.

Q: Personality tests can be checked for validity, meaning they test what they are supposed to test, in a variety of ways. Which is an example of convergent validity?
- The test can be administered multiple times and get the same results. (Incorrect. This is an example of reliability.)
- The test can be compared with real-world outcomes. (Incorrect. Criterion validity is the relationship between some measure and some real-world outcome.)
- The test can be used to predict people’s behavior is certain situations. (Incorrect. Predictive validity is the relationship between experimental results and the ability to predict people’s behavior in certain situations.)
- The test results in similar scores with other personality tests of similar traits. (Correct. Convergent validity is when the relationship between traits that are similar to (but not identical to) the trait being measured.)
A: The test results in similar scores with other personality tests of similar traits.