Title: Psychological Foundations
Course: Question Banks

Q: Ryan notices that a lot of people he sees avoid making eye contact while they walk by him on their cell phones. He develops a tentative explanation that people are too focused on their conversation to be distracted by an outside passerby. Ryan’s observation is an example of a
- theory. (That’s incorrect. A theory is a broad explanation that is based on many observed instances over time, Ryan’s individual experience would not be sufficient to support a theory.)
- pseudoscience. (That’s incorrect. Pseudoscience is not based on scientific theory, hypotheses, or sometimes even unobserved or falsified evidence.)
- experiment. (That’s incorrect. An experiment would be a method by which to test whether eye contact is dependent on whether or not one is using a cell phone.)
- hypothesis. (That’s correct! A hypothesis is a tentative explanation of why occurs in the environment (lack of eye contact while on the phone).)
A: hypothesis.

Q: The most accurate definition of psychology is the scientific study of ________.
- systematic interactions between people (: That’s incorrect. Psychology is not defined as the scientific study of interactions between people.)
- the soul and the mind (That’s incorrect. Psychology is not defined as the scientific study of the soul and the mind. Before the separation of psychology as its own science, matters related to the human mind and soul were said to fall under philosophy.)
- atypical behavior (That’s incorrect. Psychology is not defined as the scientific study of atypical behavior.)
- the mind and behavior (That’s correct. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of the mind and behavior.)
A: the mind and behavior

Q: Scientific theories
- are tentative explanations for behavior. (That’s incorrect. A scientific theory must be supported by consistent evidence in support of the theory.)
- are educated guesses about natural phenomenon. (That’s incorrect. Perceptual hypotheses are made by using educated guesses, perceptual information, expectations, and previous experiences to make sense of the world.)
- are based on beliefs. (That’s incorrect. Scientific theories are more substantial and evidence-based than a personal belief.)
- are supported by evidence. (That’s correct! A scientific theory is validated after observing consistent supporting evidence over time.)
A: are supported by evidence.

Q: Wilhelm Wundt’s usage of introspection to measure the workings of the mind is known as
- Functionalism (That’s incorrect. Though similar, functionalism actually emphasized how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment.)
- Psychoanalysis (That’s incorrect. Psychoanalysis, pioneered by Freud, encompassed early therapy methods such as free association and dream analysis which were used to uncover repressed thoughts or early memories.)
- Inner consciousness (That’s incorrect. Inner consciousness was not what Wundt’s use of introspection was known as.)
- Structuralism (That’s correct! Structuralism emphasized the understanding of the conscious experience through introspection.)
A: Structuralism

Q: The focus on how mental activities help a person adapt to his or her environment is known as
- Structuralism. (That’s incorrect. Structuralism emphasized the understanding of the conscious experience through introspection.)
- psychoanalysis. (That’s incorrect. Psychoanalysis, pioneered by Freud, encompassed early therapy methods such as free association and dream analysis which were used to uncover repressed thoughts or early memories.)
- phrenology (That’s incorrect. Phrenology was the study of how the shape of the skull related to different aspects of personality and cognition.)
- functionalism. (That’s correct! Functionalism, which was pioneered by William James, focused on how mental activities and different aspects of the mind interacted to help organisms adapt to their environment.)
A: functionalism.

Q: Which researcher was more likely to use recording devices and objective measures to examine the mind?
- Wilhelm Wundt (That’s incorrect. Wundt would have placed a stronger emphasis on introspection in order to examine the mind.)
- Sigmund Freud (That’s incorrect. Freud pioneered psychoanalysis which used introspection, not objective measures, to uncover repressed thoughts or early childhood memories.)
- John Watson (That’s incorrect. Watson was a behaviorist who believed that psychology should involve only observable behavior.)
- William James (That’s correct! James pioneered functionalism, which emphasized observing how the mind and body interacted and adapted to an organism’s external environment.)
A: William James

Q: Which school of psychology was more likely to focus on the operation of the entire mind instead of specific parts?
- Structuralism (That’s incorrect. Structuralism emphasized understanding individual parts of the mind through introspection.)
- Psychoanalysis (That’s incorrect. Psychoanalysis used introspection, to uncover repressed thoughts or early childhood memories, not understand how the mind operated.)
- Behaviorism (That’s incorrect. Behaviorism focused on the use of observable behavior to study the mind.)
- Functionalism (That’s correct! Unlike structuralism, which focused on understanding individual parts of the mind, functionalism placed an emphasis on how the mind worked as a whole.)
A: Functionalism

Q: According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following is a way to access the unconscious mind?
- ask family and close friends to describe the true nature of another person (That’s incorrect. Freud worked with the individual one-on-one and did not consult others for information about him or her.)
- the use of reinforcement and punishment (That’s incorrect. Freud’s work did not involve reward and punishment.)
- observing behavior (That’s incorrect. Freud did not access the unconscious mind through observing behavior.)
- seemingly innocent slips of the tongue (That’s correct! Freud’s theory maintained that these reflected the true beliefs and feelings of the individual.)
A: seemingly innocent slips of the tongue

Q: The rational and reasonable part of personality is known as the
- Id (That’s incorrect. The id, according to Freud’s theory, refers to the primitive and instinctive elements of an individual’s personality.)
- superego (That’s incorrect. The superego, according to Freud’s theory, refers to the element of personality that encompasses the morals and social rules learned by the individual from parents and the environment.)
- Oedipus complex (That’s incorrect. The Oedipus complex, according to Freud’s theory, refers to the jealousy he believed children feel toward the parent that is the same gender as them.)
- ego (That’s correct! The ego, according to Freud’s theory, refers to the rational and reasonable element of an individual’s personality.)
A: ego

Q: The unconscious part of personality responsible for drives like sex and aggression is the
- ego (That’s incorrect. The ego, according to Freud’s theory, is the rational and responsible part of personality.)
- superego (That’s incorrect. The superego, according to Freud’s theory, is the individual’s voice of reason and goodness.)
- subconscious (That’s incorrect. Subconscious is the general term that includes all various unconscious aspects of personality.)
- id (That’s correct! The id, according to Freud’s theory, is the part of personality responsible for drives such as sex and aggression.)
A: id

Q: A person’s conscience and voice of reason and goodness is the
- Id (That’s incorrect. The id is the component of personality responsible for drives like sex and aggression.)
- Ego (That’s incorrect. The ego is the rational and reasonable part of personality.)
- Oedipus Complex (That’s incorrect. The Oedipus Complex is the jealousy that Freud believed children feel toward the parent that is the same gender as them)
- superego (That’s correct! The superego is the component of personality and represents the conscience voice of reason and goodness.)
A: superego

Q: Two people may look at the identical image but perceive different things. This phenomenon is studied by
- Freudian psychologists. (That’s incorrect. Freudian psychologists studied the various levels of conscious and unconscious within the human mind.)
- functionalists. (That’s incorrect. Building off of structuralism, functionalists sought to explain mental processes in a structured and accurate manner.)
- behaviorists. (That’s incorrect. Behaviorists studied the mind through observable behavior only.)
- gestalt psychologists. (That’s correct! Gestalt theory maintained that the whole is greater than its parts, causing individuals to perceive images differently.)
A: gestalt psychologists.

Q: ________ psychologist Kurt Koffka is known for saying “the whole is other than the sum of its parts.”
- Psychoanalytical (That’s incorrect. Psychoanalytical psychologists focused on the levels of consciousness and unconsciousness.)
- Structuralist (That’s incorrect. Structuralists worked to break down mental processes into their most basic components.)
- Behaviorist (That’s incorrect. Behaviorists believed that the mind could only be studied through observable behavior.)
- Gestalt (That’s correct! Gestalt psychologists believed that in perception, the whole is greater than its parts.)
A: Gestalt

Q: The unconscious and early childhood experiences are emphasized by the ________.
- functionalist school of psychology (That's incorrect. The functionalists sought to understand why animals and humans developed certain psychological characteristics due to active adaptations to environmental pressures.)
- cognitive school of psychology (That's incorrect. This was an emphasis of the cognitive school of psychology which focuses on mental processes such as thinking, judgment, and perception.)
- behaviorist school of psychology (That’s incorrect. The behaviorist school of psychology focused on the use of observable behavior to understand the mind.)
- psychodynamic school of psychology (That's correct! The psychodynamic school of psychology originated with Sigmund Freud who believed that to understand human behavior, one needed to focus on the role of unconscious thoughts and feelings, as well as experiences that occurred during early childhood.)
A: psychodynamic school of psychology

Q: You spend weeks teaching your new dog how to roll over. The rewards and reinforcers you use to shape her behavior are based on which early school of psychology?
- Functionalism (That's incorrect. Functionalism was not interested in training or changing behavior. Functionalism attempted to explain why certain psychological characteristics such as behavior, emotion, and thought have adapted as a result of environmental pressures.)
- Cognitive (That's incorrect. The cognitive school of psychology focuses on explaining mental processes such as thinking, reasoning, memory, perceptions, and language.)
- Psychoanalytical (That’s incorrect. The psychoanalytic school of psychology focused on the unconscious and its reflection of repressed childhood memories and experiences.)
- Behaviorism (That's correct! Behaviorism is a school of psychology that focused only on observable behavior and principles of learning. The behaviorists’ early research focused on shaping behavior and training animals and humans through the use of reinforcements or rewards.)
A: Behaviorism

Q: Which person was most interested in studying learned behavior?
- Abraham Maslow (That’s incorrect. Abraham Maslow was most interested in process by which individuals meet their needs in a hierarchical manner that begins with basic needs and ends with self-actualization.)
- Carl Rogers (That’s incorrect. Carl Rogers was interested in the use of client-centered therapy.)
- Sigmund Freud (That’s incorrect. Sigmund Freud was primarily focused on the subconscious and its role in treating patients.)
- B.F. Skinner (That’s correct! B.F. Skinner was known for his study of operant conditioning, which facilitates learning through reward and punishment.)
A: B.F. Skinner

Q: Pavlov is to ________ and B.F. Skinner is to ________.
- operant conditioning; classical conditioning (That’s incorrect. Pavlov was not best known for operant conditioning, and B.F. Skinner was not best known for classical conditioning.)
- humanism; behaviorism (That’s incorrect. Pavlov’s work did not involve humanism.)
- operant conditioning; the subconscious (That’s incorrect. Pavlov’s work did not involve operant conditioning, and B.F. Skinner’s work did not involve the unconscious.)
- classical conditioning; operant conditioning (That’s correct! Pavlov is best known for his work with classical conditioning, which involves learning through association. B.F. Skinner is best known for his with with operant conditioning, which involves learning through reward and punishment.)
A: classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Q: Which perspective within psychology emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all people?
- behaviorism (That’s incorrect. The behaviorist school of psychology maintained that the mind was a blank slate and all observable behavior is a result of learning based on environmental factors.)
- structuralism (That’s incorrect. The structuralist view does not involve the emphasis on the potential for good that is innate to all individuals.)
- psychoanalytic (That’s incorrect. The psychoanalytic view emphasized the unconscious, not the potential for good that is innate to all people.)
- humanism (That’s correct! Humanism emphasized that each person is inherently good, self-motivated, and strives to become a healthy, effectively functioning individual.)
A: humanism

Q: Abraham Maslow is best known for
- his interpretation and contribution to dream analysis. (Incorrect. Maslow was not known for dream analysis. This was something Freud was best known for.)
- studying the influence of reinforcement and punishment on behavior. (Incorrect. Maslow was not best known for reinforcement and punishment.)
- unconditional positive regard. (Incorrect. Maslow was not best known for proposing the idea of unconditional positive regard.)
- proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior. (Correct! Abraham Maslow is best known for proposing a hierarchy of human needs where the most basic human needs (hunger, thirst) must be met before higher level needs (self-fulfillment).)
A: proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior.

Q: Which of the following statements most closely aligns with humanism?
- Each person is negatively affected by unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories. (That's incorrect. This answer reflects the psychoanalytic school of psychology which maintained that unconscious thoughts affect an individual’s behavior.)
- Each person is inherently good, but therapy is needed to become a healthy individual. (That's incorrect. This answer does not reflect any of the schools of psychology.)
- Each person’s thought processes can be understood by directly observing his or her behavior. (That’s incorrect. This reflects the behaviorist view.)
- Each person is inherently good and motivated to be a healthy functioning individual. (That's correct! Humanism emphasized that each person is inherently good, self-motivated and strives to become a healthy, effectively functioning individual.)
A: Each person is inherently good and motivated to be a healthy functioning individual.

Q: Proponents of the early school of ________ psychology argue that our thoughts, feelings, and motives are important in understanding human behavior and that more than just observable actions should be studied.
- behaviorism (That's incorrect. The early school of behaviorism psychology was based on the premise that it is not possible to objectively study any of the elements of the mind such as thoughts, feelings and motive and so they believed that only observable behavior should be studied.)
- psychoanalytical (That’s incorrect. Freud and his followers thought that behavior could be explained by the unconscious thoughts, feelings and memories of a person. And so Freud developed a therapy approach to help a person remember his or her early childhood memories that were unconscious or had been forgotten that would help to explain any abnormal behavior or feelings.)
- positive psychology (That’s incorrect. Positive psychology focuses on the strengths that enable individuals and communities to survive.)
- cognitive (That's correct! Early cognitive psychologists were very much interested in the thought processes of humans; they studied how thought and language developed from early childhood into adulthood. It was the proponents of behaviorism who believed that only observable behavior should be studied and that thoughts, feelings and motive were unimportant because any elements of the mind could not be objectively studied.)
A: cognitive

Q: Which of the following are major areas of interest in cognitive psychology?
- sleep and dreams (That’s incorrect. Psychologists thought that behavior could be explained by the unconscious thoughts, feelings, dreams and childhood memories of a person.)
- personality and development (That’s incorrect. Personality and development were not major areas of interest in cognitive psychology.)
- behavior and stimulus response (That’s incorrect. These are not areas of interest in cognitive psychology.)
- knowledge and memory (That’s correct! Cognitive psychology focuses on types of cognition and cognitive processes, including but not limited to knowledge and memory.)
A: knowledge and memory

Q: Which of the following are major areas of interest in cognitive psychology?
- childhood and dreams (That’s incorrect. Psychologists thought that behavior could be explained by the unconscious thoughts, feelings, dreams and childhood memories of a person.)
- personality and development (That’s incorrect. Personality and development are not major areas of interest in cognitive psychology.)
- behavior and stimulus response (That’s incorrect. These are not areas of interest in cognitive psychology.)
- perception and language (That’s correct! Both perception and language are major areas of interest in cognitive psychology, as they relate to cognitive processes.)
A: perception and language

Q: While behaviorism focused on only observable behavior, cognitive psychology
- holds that behavior is irrelevant to the study of the mind. (That’s incorrect. While behavior is not its main focus, cognitive psychology does not view it as irrelevant.)
- focuses on introspection. (That’s incorrect. Introspection is not a component of cognitive psychology.)
- maintains that dreams reflect the subconscious. (That’s incorrect. The connection between dreams and the unconscious is not a focus of cognitive psychology. This was actually more closely associated with Freud.)
- acknowledges the existence of internal mental states. (That’s correct! Cognitive psychology focused on cognitive processes, which are internal mental states.)
A: acknowledges the existence of internal mental states.

Q: Susanna’s parents give her an allowance every day that her bed is made and her room is picked up. Her parents are utilizing principles of
- classical conditioning. (That’s incorrect. Classical conditioning occurs when we learn to associate two external events that repeatedly happen together with each other, while operant conditioning focuses on learning an association between one’s own behavior and an external outcome.)
- humanism. (That’s incorrect. Humanism focuses on the potential of all people for good.)
- psychodynamic psychology (That’s incorrect. Psychodynamic psychology focuses on discovering how childhood experiences affect unconscious desires. Operant conditioning is learning to associate a behavior with an outcome.)
- operant conditioning. (That’s correct! Operant conditioning focuses on how an organism learns an association between their behavior (making the bed) and an external outcome (receiving an allowance).)
A: operant conditioning.

Q: Vashna’s parents give her an allowance every day that her bed is made and her room is picked up. Her parents are utilizing principles from which school of psychology?
- humanism (That’s incorrect. Humanism focuses on the potential of all people for good.)
- structuralism (Incorrect. Structuralism focused on breaking experiences down into parts through introspection, which is not observable.)
- psychodynamic psychology (That’s incorrect. Psychodynamic psychology focused on discovering how childhood experiences affect unconscious desires.)
- behaviorism (Correct! Behaviorism focused on studying how behaviors and actions (making the bed) could be directly observed and changed through conditioning (rewarded with an allowance).)
A: behaviorism

Q: Which school of thought emphasized observable behavior and objectivity?
- structuralism (Incorrect. Structuralism focused on breaking experiences down into parts through introspection, which is not observable.)
- cognitive psychology (Incorrect. Cognitive psychology also emphasizes mental states and processes including memory and language in addition to observable behavior.)
- psychoanalysis (Incorrect. Psychoanalysis, pioneered by Sigmund Freud, is a type of therapy where a therapist tries to help a patient discover unconscious thoughts or desires through free association or dream analysis.)
- behaviorism (Correct! Behaviorism focused on studying how behaviors and actions could be directly observed and changed through conditioning.)
A: behaviorism

Q: Which school of thought emphasized how people process information?
- humanistic psychology (That’s incorrect. Humanism focuses on the potential of all people for good, while cognitive psychology focuses on perception and how we process information.)
- psychodynamic psychology (That’s incorrect. The psychodynamic framework helps patients overcome personal problems or attain personal growth by exploring their unconscious through free association, talking about their childhood, or dream analysis.)
- behaviorism (That’s incorrect. Behaviorism is an early school of psychology that focused on directly observable behavior. In contrast, cognitive psychology focuses on perception and how we process information.)
- cognitive psychology (That’s correct! Cognitive psychology focuses on how we process information through the study of memory, language, and perception.)
A: cognitive psychology

Q: Which school of thought emphasized the development of a healthy and effectively-functioning person?
- psychodynamic psychology (That’s incorrect. Psychodynamic psychology focuses on the unconscious influences to thought and behavior, as well as how these might relate to early experiences.)
- cognitive psychology (That’s incorrect. Cognitive psychology focused on the processes involved in cognition, emotion, and behavior.)
- behaviorist psychology (That’s incorrect. Behaviorist psychology focused only on observable behavior.)
- humanistic psychology (That’s correct! Humanistic psychology emphasized the subjective perceptions and understanding of the world.)
A: humanistic psychology

Q: Which of the following topics are included in the biological domain of psychology?
- learning (That’s incorrect. Learning is not a main focus in the biological domain of psychology.)
- motivation (That’s incorrect. Motivation is not a main focus in the biological domain of psychology.)
- Desire (That’s incorrect. Desire is not a main focus in the biological domain of psychology.)
- neuroscience (That’s correct! Neuroscience deals primarily with the structure and function of the central nervous system and the brain.)
A: neuroscience

Q: Which psychological domain would include a study of learning and conditioning?
- cognitive (That’s incorrect. The cognitive domain would not be likely to include a study about learning and conditioning.)
- social and personality (That’s incorrect. This domain would not be likely to include a study about learning and conditioning.)
- biological (That’s incorrect. This domain would not be likely to include a study about learning and conditioning.)
- developmental (That’s correct! The developmental domain would include a study on learning and conditioning, as it looks at these occurrences throughout the lifespan.)
A: developmental

Q: Which of the following are the main psychological domains?
- psychoanalytical, cognitive, social, mental and physical health (That’s incorrect. These are not the main psychological domains.)
- social and personality, lifespan, sensation and perception, mental and physical health (That’s incorrect. These are not the main psychological domains.)
- biological, cognitive, social, lifespan, and physical health (That’s incorrect. These are not the main psychological domains.)
- biological, cognitive, developmental, social and personality, mental and physical health (That’s correct! These are the main psychological domains.)
A: biological, cognitive, developmental, social and personality, mental and physical health

Q: Which questions would a biopsychologist most likely address when studying depression?
- To what extent does depression affect one’s thinking, memory and language abilities? (That’s incorrect. Biopsychologists do not study memory and language abilities.)
- When does depression usually develop in a person? What are the various stages (represented by the changes in behavior) of the illness? (That’s incorrect. Biopsychologists would not be primarily interested in depression from a developmental standpoint.)
- Does depression manifest differently in different social groups? (That’s incorrect. Biopsychologists would not be interested in behavior in social groups.)
- Does stress or lack of exercise affect the nervous system and hormones to either cause or prevent depression? (That’s correct! Biopsychologists study the brain and central nervous system from a physiological perspective)
A: Does stress or lack of exercise affect the nervous system and hormones to either cause or prevent depression?

Q: ________ psychology seeks to study the ultimate biological causes of a behavior.
- Cognitive (That’s incorrect. Cognitive psychology does not seek to study the ultimate biological causes of behaviors.)
- Neurobiological (That’s incorrect. Neurobiological psychology seeks to study biological causes of behaviors, but its primary interest is not the ultimate causes.)
- Developmental (That’s incorrect. Developmental psychology does not seek to study the ultimate biological causes of a behavior.)
- Evolutionary (That’s correct! Evolutionary psychology seeks to study the ultimately or original biological causes of behaviors.)
A: Evolutionary

Q: ________ psychology is the field within psychology that focuses on studying thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions.
- Biological (That’s incorrect. Biological psychology does not focus on studying thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and behaviors.)
- Developmental (That’s incorrect. Developmental psychology does not focus on studying thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and behaviors.)
- Social (That’s incorrect. Social psychology does not focus on studying thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and behaviors.)
- Cognitive (That’s correct! Cognitive psychology focuses on the study of thoughts and how these relate to and influence our experiences and behaviors.)
A: Cognitive

Q: Zoe is planning to apply to graduate schools next semester, but isn't sure which field of psychology she likes the best. She enjoyed learning about learning, children, and language, but is most of all interested in the way people approach and solve problems. Which field of psychology would you recommend she study?
- biological (That’s incorrect. Biological psychology does not focus on studying thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and behaviors.)
- developmental (That’s incorrect. Developmental psychology does not focus on studying thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and behaviors.)
- social (That’s incorrect. Social psychology does not focus on studying thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and behaviors.)
- cognitive (That’s correct! Cognitive psychology focuses on the study of thoughts and how these relate to and influence our experiences and behaviors, including the study of language.)
A: cognitive

Q: If Marco is interested in changes in reasoning and thinking that occur during adolescence, he should specialize in ________ psychology.
- cognitive (That’s incorrect. Cognitive psychology does not focus on changes that occur between various stages throughout the lifespan.)
- personality (That’s incorrect. Personality psychology does not focus on changes that occur between various stages throughout the lifespan.)
- social (That’s incorrect. Social psychology does not focus on changes that occur between various stages throughout the lifespan.)
- developmental (That’s correct! Developmental psychology focuses on changes between various stages throughout the lifespan.)
A: developmental

Q: The study of cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan is known as
- Cognitive psychology (That’s incorrect. Cognitive psychology does not focus on changes that occur between various stages throughout the lifespan, but on cognition.)
- Personality psychology (Incorrect. Personality psychology focuses on what makes a person think and act the way they do.)
- Social psychology (Incorrect. Social psychology focuses on the social, interpersonal, aspects of thinking and behavior.)
- Developmental psychology (That’s correct! Developmental psychology focuses on changes between various stages throughout the lifespan.)
A: Developmental psychology

Q: If Kayla is interested in personality psychology, she is most likely to study
- how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. (That’s incorrect. Personality psychology does not encompass these areas of focus. These are more closely linked with social psychology.)
- changes in reasoning and thinking that develop across the lifespan. (That’s incorrect. Personality psychology does not encompass these areas of focus. These are more closely linked with developmental psychology.)
- the physiological causes of behavior at various ages. (That’s incorrect. Personality psychology does not encompass these areas of focus. These are more closely linked with biopsychology.)
- long-standing traits and patterns that propel behavior. (That’s correct! Personality psychology encompasses long-standing traits that comprise personality, along with patterns that facilitate behavior.)
A: long-standing traits and patterns that propel behavior.

Q: ________ is the study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others
- Personality (That’s incorrect. Personality psychology involves a study of the social and personal circumstances that shape the individual’s personality.)
- Cognitive (That’s incorrect. Cognitive psychology involves the study of mental processes.)
- Evolutionary (That’s incorrect. Evolutionary psychology involves the study of useful mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations, i.e., as the functional products of natural selection.)
- Social (That’s correct! This describes the study of social psychology.)
A: Social

Q: Which area of psychology focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior?
- cognitive psychology (That’s incorrect. Cognitive psychology focuses on the underlying processes of cognition.)
- social psychology (That’s incorrect. Social psychology focuses on the study of how individuals influence and relate to each other.)
- evolutionary psychology (That’s incorrect. Evolutionary psychology focuses on the patterns of behavior that have developed and changed over time.)
- clinical psychology (That’s correct! Clinical psychology focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior.)
A: clinical psychology

Q: According to the ________ model, health and illness are determined by psychological, biological, and social factors.
- cognitive-behavioral (That’s incorrect. The cognitive-behavioral model does not suggest that health and illness are determined by psychological, biological, and social factors.)
- clinical-health (That’s incorrect. The clinical-health model does not suggest that health and illness are determined by psychological, biological, and social factors.)
- biological-health (That’s incorrect. The biological-health model does not suggest that health and illness are determined by psychological, biological, and social factors.)
- biopsychosocial (That’s correct! The biopsychosocial model suggests that health and illness are determined by psychological, biological, and social factors.)
A: biopsychosocial

Q: Which factors influence health, according to the biopsychosocial model?
- applying biological principles to the psychology of a healthy social life (That’s incorrect. The biopsychosocial model does not present these factors as being determinants of health.)
- primarily biology; individual psychology and social factors are sometimes relevant (That’s incorrect. The biopsychosocial model does not present these factors as being determinants of health.)
- realizing one’s full potential through self-actualization (That’s incorrect. The biopsychosocial model does not present these factors as being determinants of health.)
- interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors (That’s correct! The biopsychosocial model suggests that health and illness are determined by psychological, biological, and social factors.)
A: interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

Q: Jade plans to major in business then continue on to study ________ so that she can work as a consultant for businesses interested in improving employee motivation and increasing productivity.
- health psychology (That’s incorrect. Health psychology involves the study of how biology, psychology, behavior, and social factors influence health and illness.)
- forensic psychology (That’s incorrect. Forensic psychology is the branch of psychology that relates to the law.)
- clinical psychology (That’s incorrect. Clinical psychology involves the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.)
- I-O psychology (That’s correct! Industrial-Organizational (I-O) psychology involves working as a consultant for businesses looking to improve employee motivation and performance.)
A: I-O psychology

Q: As a sprinter on the track and field team, Shaun knows that the way he visualizes and thinks about his race can have a major impact on his performance. His coach encourages him to talk to the
- forensic psychologist. (That’s incorrect. Forensic psychology is the branch of psychology that relates to the law.)
- health psychologist. (That’s incorrect. Health psychology involves the study of how biology, psychology, behavior, and social factors influence health and illness.)
- clinical psychologist. (That’s incorrect. Clinical psychology involves the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.)
- sport psychologist. (That’s correct! Sports psychology involves helping individuals improve their athletic performance through various psychological exercises and techniques.)
A: sport psychologist.

Q: Which type of psychologist may be involved in mediating a custody battle?
- I-O psychologist. (That’s incorrect. Industrial-Organizational (I-O) psychology involves working as a consultant for businesses looking to improve employee motivation and performance.)
- health psychologist. (That’s incorrect. Health psychology involves the study of how biology, psychology, behavior, and social factors influence health and illness.)
- clinical psychologist. (That’s incorrect. Clinical psychology involves the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.)
- forensic psychologist. (That’s correct! Forensic psychology is the branch of psychology that relates to the law.)
A: forensic psychologist.

Q: Which type of psychologist would most likely be asked to serve as an expert witness during a court case?
- I-O psychologist. (That’s incorrect. Industrial-Organizational (I-O) psychology involves working as a consultant for businesses looking to improve employee motivation and performance.)
- health psychologist. (That’s incorrect. Health psychology involves the study of how biology, psychology, behavior, and social factors influence health and illness.)
- clinical psychologist. (That’s incorrect. Clinical psychology involves the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.)
- forensic psychologist. (That’s correct! Forensic psychology is the branch of psychology that relates to the law.)
A: forensic psychologist.

Q: According to the text, psychology students are most likely to benefit from exposure to
- counseling strategies and diagnostic techniques. (That’s incorrect. These skills are helpful, but are very specific to the clinical aspect of psychology and not to learning broadly about psychology.)
- communication skills and assessment strategies. (That’s incorrect. While these skills are helpful and can be beneficial for a future in psychological studies, they are not unique to the study of psychology.)
- good study habits and memorization skills. (That’s incorrect. While these two skills are helpful, they are not unique to the psychology discipline.)
- critical thinking skills and the scientific method.
A: critical thinking skills and the scientific method.

Q: Julie majored in Psychology for her undergraduate degree, then pursued a masters degree in early childhood education to become a teacher. She credits her background in psychology with helping her as a teacher as she communicates with the children, better understands their behavior, and also teaches them ________, such as making observations and judgements with skepticism.
- cognitive criticism (Incorrect. Cognitive criticism is not a term used to describe critical thinking.)
- cross-cultural understanding (Incorrect. While Julie's cross-cultural understanding may have increased during her study of psychology, this does not describe the ability to make observations and judgements with criticism.)
- memory skills (Incorrect. While Julie's memory skills may have increased during her study of psychology, this does not describe the ability to make observations and judgements with criticism.)
- critical thinking skills (Correct. Studying psychology advances a person's critical thinking skills, which aid in evaluating and interpreting information without bias.)
A: critical thinking skills

Q: Typically, an adjunct psychology professor will have a
- PhD in psychology. (That’s incorrect. While an adjunct professor can have a PhD, that level of degree is more advanced than what is necessary.)
- master’s degree in business. (That’s incorrect. A master’s degree in business would not provide the background knowledge necessary to teach a psychology course.)
- PsyD (That’s incorrect. A PsyD is designed for those who want to pursue a more clinical career path.)
- master’s degree in psychology. (That’s correct! At least a master’s degree in psychology is required. Many adjunct professors teach as a secondary profession or are working on gaining additional teaching experience.)
A: master’s degree in psychology.

Q: Which type of psychology degree focuses more on the clinical practice and less on research?
- PhD (That’s incorrect. A PhD program heavily focuses on research, and requires students to complete a detailed dissertation research project.)
- master’s degree (That’s incorrect. A master’s degree may not provide adequate clinical training or practicum necessary to support a career in clinical practice.)
- associate’s degree (That’s incorrect. An associate’s degree is a two-year degree and is not sufficient training for a clinician.)
- PsyD (That’s correct! A PsyD places less emphasis on research and research related skills in favor of clinical training.)
A: PsyD