Title: Social Psychology
Course: Question Banks

Q: How much did students feel like they were learning while they were studying using interleaving?
- Students that used interleaving felt like they learned more than students that used blocking (Incorrect. When students implement interleaving, research shows that students feel like they are learning less! However, these students end up retaining information better and scoring higher on exams than students who did not implement interleaving. So even if it is hard, realize you are studying in a more effective way.)
- Students that used interleaving felt like they learned about as much as students that used blocking (Incorrect. When students implement interleaving, research shows that students feel like they are learning less! However, these students end up retaining information better and scoring higher on exams than students who did not implement interleaving. So even if it is hard, realize you are studying in a more effective way.)
- Students that used interleaving felt like they learned less than students that used blocking (Correct. When students implement interleaving, research shows that students feel like they are learning less! However, these students end up retaining information better and scoring higher on exams than students who did not implement interleaving. So even if it is hard, realize you are studying in a more effective way.)
A: Students that used interleaving felt like they learned less than students that used blocking

Q: Define interleaving.
- A study strategy to take multiple courses simultaneously (Incorrect. Interleaving is splitting your study topics into smaller chunks, and then moving frequently between study topics rather than studying the same material for hours at a time.)
- A study strategy to find connections between different learning topics (Incorrect. Interleaving is splitting your study topics into smaller chunks, and then moving frequently between study topics rather than studying the same material for hours at a time.)
- A study strategy to mix up what you are learning (Correct. Interleaving is splitting your study topics into smaller chunks, and then moving frequently between study topics rather than studying the same material for hours at a time.)
A: A study strategy to mix up what you are learning

Q: Intrapersonal things focus on topics like emotions, attitudes that things that affect the ________, whereas interpersonal things examine topics like prejudice, discrimination, relationships, and ________ behavior.
- group; self (Incorrect. Make sure you look at the cue words: intra (within person) and inter (between people). Understanding these roots will help you get at the heart of the question.)
- mind; unintentional (Incorrect. The mind is too broad of an answer, and interpersonal things do not relate to intentions. Think about the examples above and see if you can spot the similarities between the first set of terms/concepts compared to the second set of terms/concepts. Make sure you look at the cue words: intra (within person) and inter (between people). Understanding these roots will help you get at the heart of the question.)
- social mind; physical mind (Incorrect. The social and physical mind are very broad and vague concepts. They do not help to explain intrapersonal or interpersonal things. Make sure you look at the cue words: intra (within person) and inter (between people). Understanding these roots will help you get at the heart of the question.)
- self; group (Correct. Intrapersonal implies a focus within (intra) the person, such as emotions, attitudes, and the self; whereas, interpersonal implies a focus between (inter) people, such as prejudice, discrimination, relationships, and group behavior.)
A: self; group

Q: ________ is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings.
- Dispositionism (Incorrect. Dispositionalism refers to the view that our behaviors are determined by more stable influences like our personality or biology. For example, if someone cuts us off in traffic, we’re likely to say that that person is a bad driver or a jerk. Now think of what the opposite of this would look like?)
- Attribution. (Incorrect. Attribution refers to the action of regarding something as being caused by a person or thing. This question is asking about what type of attribution we would make if we used information from the environment.)
- Confirmation bias (Incorrect. Confirmation bias refers to one’s tendency to look for information that simply confirms what they already believe. It does not have to do with attributions about people’s behavior, which is what this question is asking about.)
- Situationism (Correct. Situationism refers to view that our behaviors are determined by our environment (or the current situation that we’re in), and not because of enduring dispositions like personality. For example, if someone cuts us off in traffic, we’re likely to say that that person probably was in a hurry or that the weather conditions made it difficult for that person to see us.)
A: Situationism

Q: Those who examine external forces on behavior take the side of ________, while those who focus on internal factors take the side of  ________.
- dispositionism; situationalism (Incorrect: Dispositionalism refers to the view that our behaviors are determined by more stable influences like our personality or biology. For example, if someone cuts us off in traffic, we’re likely to say that that person is a bad driver or a jerk.Situationism refers to view that our behaviors are determined by our environment (or the current situation that we’re in), and not because of enduring dispositions like personality. For example, if someone cuts us off in traffic, we’re likely to say that that person probably was in a hurry or that the weather conditions made it difficult for that person to see us.)
- attribution; internal factor analysis (Incorrect. Attribution refers to the action of regarding something as being caused by a person or thing. This question is asking about what type of attribution we would make if we used information from the environment. Internal factor analysis is not concept relevant to this chapter.)
- confirmation bias; information avoidance (Incorrect. Confirmation bias refers to one’s tendency to look for information that simply confirms what they already believe. It does not have to do with attributions about people’s behavior. Information avoidance refers to people’s tendency to choose not to obtain knowledge that’s freely available to them. It also does not have to with attributions about people’s behavior.)
- situationism; dispositionism (Correct. Situationism refers to view that our behaviors are determined by our environment (or the current situation that we’re in), and not because of enduring dispositions like personality. For example, if someone cuts us off in traffic, we’re likely to say that that person probably was in a hurry or that the weather conditions made it difficult for that person to see us. Dispositionalism refers to the view that our behaviors are determined by more stable influences like our personality or biology. For example, if someone cuts us off in traffic, we’re likely to say that that person is a bad driver or a jerk.)
A: situationism; dispositionism

Q: When Catherine landed a big contract for her firm, she accepted the credit for her hard work and smart “wheeling and dealing.” When she failed to get the contract in another situation, she blamed the sneaky and dishonest tactics of the competition. What is this an example of?
- The fundamental attribution error (That’s incorrect. This is an example of a self-serving attribution because Catherine is attributing her success to her own abilities and hard work, but attributing her failure to external factors (the sneaky and dishonest tactics of the competition).)
- The false-consensus effect (That’s incorrect. The false-consensus effect is the tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions, attributes, and behaviors. This process does not explain Ryan’s statement.)
- The self-serving bias (That’s correct! This is an example of a self-serving attribution because Catherine is attributing her success to her own abilities and hard work, but attributing her failure to external factors (the sneaky and dishonest tactics of the competition).)
A: The self-serving bias

Q: Matt lost his job two months ago when his company downsized its operations; despite his efforts, he has not yet found another job. One of his neighbors stated that Matt is just like most unemployed people -- irresponsible, unmotivated, and basically lazy. Matt’s neighbor is demonstrating which concept?
- Self-serving attribution (That’s incorrect. This is an example of the fundamental attribution error because Matt’s neighbor is assuming that Matt’s unemployment is due to his lack of motivation and laziness, and is not considering situational factors that may explain why he does not have a job.)
- Actor-observer bias
- Fundamental attribution error (That’s correct! This is an example of the fundamental attribution error because Matt’s neighbor is assuming that Matt’s unemployment is due to his lack of motivation and laziness, and is not considering situational factors that may explain why he does not have a job.)
A: Fundamental attribution error

Q: Miguel signed up for match.com because he thought it might actually be a good way to meet a nice girl who shares his interests, but he assumes his roommate only signed up because he is shallow wants to look through all the pictures and profiles. This is an example of the
- attribution effect. (Incorrect. The attribution effect does not refer to any specific concept and therefore does not fit this example.)
- fundamental attribution error. (Incorrect. This error occurs when we make dispositional attributions about other people’s behaviors instead of situational attributions. It does not deal with the relationship between attributions about ourselves compared to attributions about others.)
- spotlight effect. (Incorrect. The spotlight effect is about the ratio of how much we notice our own intentions and behaviors compared to how well other people notice our intentions and behaviors. It is not about making attributions about people’s behaviors, which is what this question is asking about.)
- actor-observer bias. (Correct. The actor-observer bias highlights the discrepancy between how we view our own behaviors (typically through a situational perspective), while we view other people’s behaviors through a dispositional lens. Here, Miguel sees himself through the situation, that he is using match.com to meet a nice girl. Whereas, he views his roommate through a dispositional lens, that he is shallow.)
A: actor-observer bias.

Q: Inferences that we make about the causes of our own and others' behavior are termed ________.
- stereotypes (That's incorrect. Although stereotypes may play a part in our judgments of someone’s behavior, this term doesn’t describe the inferences that we make about the causes of both our own and someone else’s behavior.)
- biases (That's incorrect. Although it is true that our inferences may be biased, this isn’t the term that is used to describe the inferences that we make about the cause of our own or someone else’s behavior.)
- the spotlight effect (Incorrect. The spotlight effect is about the ratio of how much we notice our own intentions and behaviors compared to how well other people notice our intentions and behaviors.)
- attributions (Correct! Attribution is the term that we use when we make assumptions or inferences about the causes of our own and others’ behavior.)
A: attributions

Q: Lissana was waiting in line at the grocery store for about twenty minutes. When she finally got to the cashier, Lissana was angry that the cashier seemed to be so annoyed. Lissana wondered why the cashier worked there, believing that she was temperamental and had poor social skills and therefore, was in the wrong profession. Which bias does this best illustrate?
- Stereotypes (That's incorrect. We are not given enough evidence to assume that Lissana has a stereotype of the cashier.)
- The self-serving bias (That's incorrect. In this example, Lissana is posing a judgment on the cashier, not making an inference about her own behavior. Therefore, self-serving bias would not be correct.)
- the spotlight effect (Incorrect. The spotlight effect is about the ratio of how much we notice our own intentions and behaviors compared to how well other people notice our intentions and behaviors.)
- The fundamental attribution error (Correct! Lissana was possibly making a fundamental attribution error, which occurs when we overestimate the cause of someone else’s behavior to their disposition, rather than considering the role of the situation.)
A: The fundamental attribution error

Q: Where would the fundamental attribution error most likely occur?
- Japan (Incorrect. Because Japan is considered a highly collectivistic society, people may favor situational explationations for people’s behaviors over dispositional explanations. The fundamental attribution error makes the opposite prediction (that people are more likely to make dispositional attributions compared to situational attributions).)
- China (Incorrect. Because China is considered a highly collectivistic society, people may favor situational explationations for people’s behaviors over dispositional explanations. The fundamental attribution error makes the opposite prediction (that people are more likely to make dispositional attributions compared to situational attributions).)
- underwater (Incorrect. Possibly… I guess no one knows because we haven’t done this research under water. But, the question is referring to cultural differences in behavioral attributions.)
- The United States (Correct. Because the United States is considered a highly individualistic society, people may be more likely to make dispositional (or person specific) attributions for people’s behaviors, at the expense of overlooking situational explanations for people’s behavior.)
A: The United States

Q: The ________ is the belief that people get the outcomes they deserve.
- self-serving bias (Incorrect. The self-serving bias lets people make dispositional attributions about one’s success and allows people to make situational attributions for failures.)
- actor-observer bias (Incorrect. The actor-observer bias says that we have a tendency to attribute our behaviors to the situation, while attributing other people’s behaviors to their disposition.)
- self-fulfilling prophecy (Incorrect. The self-fulling prophecy is about how our expectations influence the world around us.)
- just-world hypothesis (Correct. Although this idea that people get what they deserve sounds intuitive, this type of thinking is used to justify all sorts of injustices. For example, poor people are blamed for being poor because they do not work hard enough (i.e., not because the cards are stacked against them to begin with). Or, people are harassed or abused because they deserve it (i.e., by dressing or acting in certain ways).)
A: just-world hypothesis

Q: Zoe believes that homeless people deserve to be homeless because she thinks they don’t work hard enough. Her belief is an example of the
- self-serving bias (Incorrect. The self-serving bias lets people make dispositional attributions about one’s successes and allows people to make situational attributions for failures.)
- actor-observer bias (Incorrect. The actor-observer bias says that we have a tendency to attribute our behaviors to the situation, while attributing other people’s behaviors to their disposition.)
- self-fulling prophecy (Incorrect. The self-fulling prophecy is about how our expectations influence the world around us.)
- just-world hypothesis (Correct. The just world hypothesis states that people get what they deserve. While it has intuitive appeal, it can sometimes be used a means to blame the victims of crime and misfortune.)
A: just-world hypothesis

Q: High unemployment, family background, recessions, and lack of educational opportunities are all ________ factors of why people may be in poverty.
- dispositional (Incorrect. Dispositional factors reflect relatively enduring qualities (e.g., personalities or biological influences). This list reflects a different set of factors--one that is more dependent on the environment.)
- temporary (Incorrect. Although these factors relate to a person’s environmental influences, they are not necessarily temporary (e.g., family history).)
- unchangeable (Incorrect. These factors relate to a person’s environmental influences and some do change (e.g., employment rate). Instead of looking at whether these factors are permanent or temporary, look at whether they are about the people or whether it’s about the people’s circumstances.)
- situational (Correct. These factors are situational/environmental influences on poverty.)
A: situational

Q: A person’s knowledge about the appropriate behavior and sequence of events to follow in a new situation is called a/an ________.
- social norm. (Incorrect. Social norms refer to group’s expectation of what is appropriate and acceptable behavior for its members. It doesn’t deal with behaviors and sequence in a new context.)
- social screenplay. (Incorrect. There’s no construct known as social screenplay. Look for a construct that describes one’s knowledge about expected behaviors in a specific context.)
- normative behavior (Incorrect. Normative behavior is does not reflect to this scenario, which seems to focus on one’s knowledge about a specific scenario.)
- attribution (Incorrect: Attribution is about making inferences about the causes of people’s behaviors.)
- script. (Correct. Scripts are about one’s knowledge about expected behaviors in a specific context.)
A: script.

Q: A social role is defined as a
- group’s expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members. (Incorrect. This definition appears to refer to social norms. Social role is different in that it is shared knowledge of expected behavior of an individual in a specific role.)
- person’s knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting. (Incorrect. This definition appears to refer to a script. Social role is different in that it is shared knowledge of expected behavior of an individual in a specific role (i.e., not a specific setting). .)
- person’s tendency to view themselves as a social butterfly. (Incorrect. “Social” in social role doesn’t mean that the person is a social butterfly. Look for a more psychologically valid concept.)
- socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group. (Correct: Social roles refer to shared knowledge of expected behavior of an individual in a specific role.)
A: socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group.

Q: Lionel is visiting a new church for the first time. Because he has been to other churches, he understands the appropriate sequence of events that he should follow, also known as a ________. He greets a few people around him before sitting quietly for the service.
- social expectations (Incorrect. Social expectations is quite broad here. This question is looking for one’s knowledge about expected behaviors in a specific context or setting.)
- attribution (Incorrect. Attribution is about assign causes to people’s behaviors generally. This question is looking for one’s knowledge about expected behaviors in a specific context or setting.)
- social norm (Incorrect. Social norms refer to group’s expectation of what is appropriate and acceptable behavior for its members. This question specifically deals with an expected sequence of behaviors in a specific context or setting.)
- script (Correct. Scripts are about one’s knowledge about expected behaviors in a specific context or setting.)
A: script

Q: The Stanford prison experiment mostly showed that
- students should not be trusted as authority figures. (Incorrect. This study was not about trust in authority figures. It demonstrated that, when asked to fulfill certain social roles, people may do things that they normally would not do.)
- people will obey another person’s commands simply because they appear to have authority. (Incorrect. This study did not explicitly examine authority. Look to Milgram’s study to demonstrate that idea. The Stanford prison experiment demonstrated that certain social frameworks lead people to do things that they normally would not do.)
- personality is more powerful than the situation forces (Incorrect. In fact, the study demonstrated the opposite--that situations are a powerful force in determining people’s behaviors.)
- social roles have an impact on behavior. (Correct. The study demonstrated that social roles may lead people to do things they normally wouldn’t do. However, Zimbardo’s study has been criticized for its lack of methodological rigor.)
A: social roles have an impact on behavior.

Q: The behaviors by the prison guards in the Stanford prison experiment coincided with expected ________; the guards gave orders and expected the prisoners to follow them.
- experimental procedures (Incorrect. Participants did not act according to experimental procedures. They acted according to their assigned position (e.g., guard or prisoner).)
- social expectations (Incorrect. Social expectations is too broad. This question is specifically asking about people’s shared knowledge of expected behavior of an individual in a specific role.)
- social norms. (Incorrect. Social norms refer to a set of group expectations. This question is specifically asking about expected behavior of an individual in a specific role.)
- social roles (Correct: Social roles refer to shared knowledge of expected behavior of an individual in a specific role. In this case, guards acted like guards are expected to act.)
A: social roles

Q: Dominic doesn’t want to contribute to polluting his city, so he rides his bike to school each day instead of taking his car. This is an example of the ________ component of an attitude.
- cognitive (Incorrect. The cognitive component includes beliefs and knowledge. This question is about actions (riding his bike).)
- affective (Incorrect. The affective component is about feelings/emotions. This question is about actions (riding his bike).)
- cognitive dissonance (Incorrect. Cognitive dissonance describes the psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person’s behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one’s positive self-perception. This question is about actions (riding his bike).)
- behavioral (Correct. The behavioral component of an attitude includes the effect of attitudes on behaviors/actions. Riding his bike is an example of an action/behavior.)
A: behavioral

Q: JoJo believes firmly that abortion is wrong and that life begins at conception. This is an example of the ________ component of an attitude.
- behavioral (Incorrect. The behavioral component of an attitude includes the effect of attitudes on behaviors/actions. This question is focused on the belief that abortion is wrong and life begins at conception.)
- affective (Incorrect. The affective component is about feelings/emotions. This question is focused on the belief that abortion is wrong and life begins at conception.)
- cognitive dissonance (Incorrect. Cognitive dissonance describes the psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person’s behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one’s positive self-perception. This question is focused on the belief that abortion is wrong and life begins at conception.)
- cognitive (Correct. The cognitive component includes beliefs and knowledge (the belief that abortion is wrong and life begins at conception).)
A: cognitive

Q: If someone cuts Stevie off on her drive to work, she gets angry and has a hard time getting over it. This is an example of the ________ component of an attitude.
- behavioral (Incorrect. The behavioral component of an attitude includes the effect of attitudes on behaviors/actions. This question focuses on anger, which is a feeling.)
- cognitive (Incorrect. The cognitive component includes beliefs and knowledge. This question focuses on anger, which is a feeling.)
- cognitive dissonance (Incorrect. Cognitive dissonance describes the psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person’s behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one’s positive self-perception. This question focuses on anger, which is a feeling.)
- affective (Correct. The affective component is about feelings/emotions. Therefore anger would be considered an example of the affective component of an attitude.)
A: affective

Q: Scott has always strongly believed that it is wrong to cheat. But after he cheats on a physics test, his attitude toward cheating becomes significantly less harsh. What best accounts for this attitude shift?
- self-serving bias (That’s incorrect. Cognitive dissonance theory best explains Scott’s attitude shift because he felt he had to justify the fact that he cheated on the test. He did so by changing his attitude about cheating to make it more consistent with his behavior.)
- attitude change (That’s incorrect. Cognitive dissonance theory best explains Scott’s attitude shift because he felt he had to justify the fact that he cheated on the test. He did so by changing his attitude about cheating to make it more consistent with his behavior.)
- behavioral attitude change (Incorrect. This question focuses on the shifting of inconsistent attitudes, which reduces psychological discomfort. Behavioral attitude change misses the mark of psychological discomfort.)
- cognitive dissonance theory (That’s correct! Cognitive dissonance theory best explains Scott’s attitude shift because he felt he had to justify the fact that he cheated on the test. He did so by changing his attitude about cheating to make it more consistent with his behavior.)
A: cognitive dissonance theory

Q: Giselle understands the harmful effects of smoking, and yells at her parents for smoking, but smokes anyway. She feels some psychological discomfort from her hypocritical behavior. This discomfort is called
- perceptive deception (Incorrect. This example does not deal with deception. The focus of this question is on the inconsistency between the fact that she understands that smoking is bad for her and her behavior of smoking leads to discomfort.)
- self-serving bias (Incorrect. The self-serving bias is about differences in attribution. The focus of this question is on the inconsistency between the fact that she understands that smoking is bad for her and her behavior of smoking leads to discomfort.)
- attitude (Incorrect. Attitudes are evaluations of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative. The focus of this question is on the inconsistency between the fact that she understands that smoking is bad for her and her behavior of smoking leads to discomfort.)
- cognitive dissonance (Correct. Cognitive dissonance describes the psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person’s behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one’s positive self-perception. The inconsistency between the fact that she understands that smoking is bad for her and her behavior of smoking leads to cognitive dissonance.)
A: cognitive dissonance

Q: The process of changing our attitude toward something based on some kind of communication is called
- cognitive dissonance. (Incorrect. Cognitive dissonance describes the psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person’s behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one’s positive self-perception. This does not have to do with attitude change based on communication.)
- attitude change. (Incorrect. This response option is redundant. This question is asking about the term that describes the attitude change as a result of some kind of communication.)
- consistency. (Incorrect. Consistency does not explain an attitude change based on some form of communication.)
- persuasion. (Correct. Persuasion is process of changing our attitude toward something based on some form of communication.)
A: persuasion.

Q: Joe Banks is running for mayor. First, he has a team walk through neighborhoods to handout buttons and small fliers. A week later, another team goes by to ask if people would be willing to put small signs in their yards. Two weeks after that, he goes through the neighborhood to ask for help on voting day. He is using methods of ________.
- cognitive dissonance (Incorrect. Cognitive dissonance is about the uneasiness we feel when we have two contradicting cognitions or behaviors.)
- central route of persuasion. (Incorrect. The central route relies logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument’s worthiness. This question refers to the phenomenon in which a person asks about a smaller task first before asking about the bigger favor.)
- peripheral route (Incorrect. The peripheral route is an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues (such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message. This question refers to the phenomenon in which a person asks about a smaller task first before asking about the bigger favor.)
- the foot-in-the-door phenomenon (Correct. The foot-in-the-door refers to when one person encourages another person to agree to a small favor, or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item. Joe is asking starting with a small favor, and eventually asks for a big favor, which might have seen like a big deal had he asked about it right away.)
A: the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Q: Which type of persuasion may account for the fact that Jane is willing to drive her friend an hour to the airport after her friend first agreed to only drive her to the store?
- Head-in-the-sand (Incorrect. There is no such thing as the head-in-the-sand persuasion technique. This question refers to the fact that Jane got her friend to agree to the smaller task first before asking about the bigger favor.)
- central route (Incorrect. The central route relies logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument’s worthiness. This question refers to the fact that Jane got her friend to agree to the smaller task first before asking about the bigger favor.)
- peripheral route (Incorrect. The peripheral route is an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues (such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message. This question refers to the fact that Jane got her friend to agree to the smaller task first before asking about the bigger favor.)
- foot-in-the-door (Correct. The foot-in-the-door refers to when one person encourages another person to agree to a small favor, or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item. In this instance, Jane got her friend to agree to the smaller task first before asking about the bigger favor.)
A: foot-in-the-door

Q: According to the ________, the source, content, and audience will all influence the persuasiveness of a message.
- Asch attitude change (Incorrect. Asch is most famous for his studies on the topic of conformity. The current question is asking about a theory that demonstrated that certain features of the source of a persuasive message, the content of the message, and the characteristics of the audience will influence the persuasiveness of a message.)
- Stanford attitude change (Incorrect. In the social psychology world, Stanford is most famous for its association with Zimbardo’s prison experiment. The current question is asking about a theory that demonstrated that certain features of the source of a persuasive message, the content of the message, and the characteristics of the audience will influence the persuasiveness of a message.)
- central route of persuasion (Incorrect. The central route relies logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument’s worthiness. The question is asking about a theory that demonstrated that certain features of the source of a persuasive message, the content of the message, and the characteristics of the audience will influence the persuasiveness of a message.)
- Yale attitude change (Correct. This was named after Carl Hovland who worked at Yale. This theory demonstrated that certain features of the source of a persuasive message, the content of the message, and the characteristics of the audience will influence the persuasiveness of a message.)
A: Yale attitude change

Q: Using cold, hard facts to sell a computer is an example of the ________ to persuasion.
- peripheral route (Incorrect. The peripheral route is an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues (such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message.)
- foot-in-the-door route (Incorrect. The foot-in-the-door refers to when one person encourages another person to agree to a small favor, or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item. This question is asking about a type of persuasion that relies on logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument’s worthiness.)
- cognitive route (Incorrect. There is no such thing as a cognitive route, although a related concept might be the central route (which would also be incorrect in this case). This question is asking about a type of persuasion that relies on logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument’s worthiness.)
- central route (Correct. The use cold, hard facts, suggests an attempt to use the central route of persuasion. The central route relies logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument’s worthiness.)
A: central route

Q: The peripheral route to persuasion
- is most effective if the audience needs to be analytical or motivated. (Incorrect. The central route of persuasion relies on a more analytical audience. The peripheral route is an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues (such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message.)
- typically results in lasting attitude change. (Incorrect. Because of this shallow route to behavior change, it tends to lead to more fleeting behavior changes.)
- typically results in less permanent behavior changes. (Correct. The peripheral route is an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues (such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message. Because of this shallow route to behavior change, it tends to lead to more fleeting behavior changes.)
A: typically results in less permanent behavior changes.

Q: Celebrity endorsements of produces utilize the ________ to persuasion.
- cognitive route (Incorrect. There is no such thing as a cognitive route, although a related concept might be the central route (which would also be incorrect in this case). This question refers to a different technique driven by its reliance of shallow cues and associations.)
- foot-in-the-door (Incorrect. The foot-in-the-door refers to when one person encourages another person to agree to a small favor, or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item)
- Central route. (Incorrect. The central route relies logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument’s worthiness. This question refers to a different technique driven by its reliance of shallow cues and associations.)
- peripheral route (Correct. The peripheral route is an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues (such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message.)
A: peripheral route

Q: The influence that a group has on the judgment of an individual is called
- the Milgram effect. (Incorrect. Milgram studied obedience to authority figures, not group conformity. This study refers to the researcher who was the first to study conformity through line judging tasks.)
- social influence effect. (Incorrect. This study refers to the researcher who was the first to study conformity through line judging tasks.)
- Rosenthal effect (Incorrect. The Rosenthal effect is related to the self-fulfilling prophecy. This question refers to the researcher who was the first to study conformity through line judging tasks.)
- the Asch effect. (Correct. The Asch effect describes a situation in which the group majority influences an individual’s judgment, even when that judgment is inaccurate. This term comes from the researcher Solomon Asch who was the first to study conformity through line judging tasks.)
A: the Asch effect.

Q: Before registering for the next semester, Karen asks her friends about a professor she doesn’t know. They all say the professor is a great teacher. Consequently, Karen assumes that this person is a great teacher and enrolls in the course. Which type of conformity is this?
- Normative conformity (That’s incorrect. Normative conformity is the influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them. That is not the primary reason that Karen adopts her friends’ opinion.)
- Intentional conformity
- Educational conformity. (Incorrect. Although this conformity is related to a education setting, there is no such thing as educational conformity. This question refers to a form of conformity that occurs when someone goes along with the crowd in order to be liked and accepted or to avoid the negative social consequences of appearing deviant.)
- Informational conformity (That’s correct! Informational conformity results from the belief that other people are correct in their judgments. Faced with a clear consensus among her friends, Karen reasonably assumes that they are right and therefore adopts their opinion.)
A: Informational conformity

Q: Sam, a 17-year-old high school student, has just moved to a new city and enrolled in a new school. At his old school, there were strong social norms against teenagers smoking cigarettes. At his new school, several of his friends regularly smoke and say that “It’s no big deal.” As a result, Sam begins smoking also. Which type of conformity is this?
- Informational conformity (That’s incorrect. Informational conformity is a change in opinions or behavior that occurs when we conform to people whom we believe have accurate information. It is unlikely that this explains why Sam started smoking. Rather, he likely started smoking once he enrolled in the new school in order to fit in and gain acceptance.)
- Intentional conformity (Incorrect. Informational conformity occurs when someone accepts evidence about reality provided by other people. Normative conformity occurs when someone goes along with the crowd in order to be liked and accepted or to avoid the negative social consequences of appearing deviant.)
- Adolescent conformity. (Although it is accurate that Sam is an adolescent. There’s so such thing as adolescent conformity. This question refers to a form of conformity that occurs when someone goes along with the crowd in order to be liked and accepted or to avoid the negative social consequences of appearing deviant.)
- Normative conformity (That’s correct! Normative conformity is based on a person’s desire to fulfill others’ expectations, often to gain acceptance. Sam most likely started smoking once he enrolled in the new school in order to fit in and gain acceptance.)
A: Normative conformity

Q: A person will be less likely to fall prey to the Asch effect if there is at least one other dissenter in the group, if the group is small, or if responses are made in ________.
- Public (Incorrect. Public responses actually lead to conformity. This question is asking for a factor that would reduce conformity.)
- sequence (Incorrect. Asking people to provide their responses in sequence may actually increase conformity. That is, people later in the sequence may be more likely to conform to people at the beginning of the sequence.)
- after hearing everyone else’s responses (Incorrect. When people hear everyone else’s responses before providing their response, they would be more likely to conform, particularly if everyone before them has agreed on an answer.)
- private (Correct. They people have the opportunity to provide their responses in private, they are less likely to conform with the group.)
A: private

Q: ________ designed the obedience study to test if subjects would give “learners” electric shocks when they missed test questions.
- Asch (Incorrect. Asch’s studies of line matching illustrate normative conformity, which is tendency to go along with the group because we want to gain their acceptance or avoid their disapproval or harsh criticism.)
- Zimbardo (Incorrect. Zimbardo’s study demonstrated the power of social roles. The more relevant study pertains to how people respond to authority figures.)
- Bandura (Incorrect. Bandura’s studies were on social learning. The more relevant study pertains to how people respond to authority figures.)
- Milgram (Correct. Milgram’s shocking experiment demonstrate obedience, which is a change of behavior to please an authority figure or to avoid aversive consequences.)
A: Milgram

Q: A group of operating room nurses were asked about their beliefs and best practices in the operating room. When a doctor ordered some things during a procedure, all of the nurses obeyed, even if that meant doing things they previously said they would not do. This behavior is supported by
- Albert Bandura’s observational learning studies. (Incorrect. Bandura’s studies on social learning does not help to explain this scenario. The more relevant study pertains to how people respond to authority figures.)
- Solomon Asch’s conformity studies. (Incorrect. Asch’s conformity studies demonstrated the power of group pressure. The more relevant study pertains to how people respond to authority figures.)
- Zimbardo’s Stanford prison experiment (Incorrect. Zimbardo’s study demonstrated the power of social roles. The more relevant study pertains to how people respond to authority figures.)
- Stanley Milgram’s obedience studies. (Correct. Milgram’s shocking study demonstrated that people will obey authority figures even when they know what they are doing is wrong.)
A: Stanley Milgram’s obedience studies.

Q: Perhaps the most surprising result from Milgram’s study was that
- so many of the “learners” quit the study early. (Incorrect. Learners did not quit because they were confederates of the study. The most surprising result is related to what the “teachers” did.)
- a vast majority of the “teachers” refused to provide shocks after they became obviously painful. (Incorrect. This is what most people think would happen. Unfortunately, the study demonstrated a much different outcome.)
- the “students” did not retaliate against the “teachers” when provided with the opportunity. (Incorrect. “Students” were not provided with the opportunity to retaliate. The most surprising result is related to what the “teachers” did.)
- so many of the “teachers” continued to provide shocks because they were told to do so. (Correct. In fact, 67% of people delivered what they believed were fatal electric shocks. This rate is way higher than anyone predicted prior to the study.)
A: so many of the “teachers” continued to provide shocks because they were told to do so.

Q: What is groupthink?
- the persuasion of the opinions of leadership to agree with the minority population (Incorrect. The opposite may actually be occurring. That is, group think may lead to the minority population shifting their opinions to fit in with the rest of the group.)
- pressure from a group to act carefully to reach an appropriate response (Incorrect. Group think is about agreement, not about getting the best response.)
- groupthink happens when people get together in groups of 3-4 people to find solutions to problems (Incorrect. Groupthink doesn’t just happen when people get together in groups to think about issues. Groupthink specifically refers to a phenomenon that occurs when a group makes a poor decision as a result of flawed group processes and strong conformity pressures.)
- modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus (Correct. Groupthink is a phenomenon that occurs when a group makes a poor decision as a result of flawed group processes and strong conformity pressures.)
A: modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus

Q: Cedrick is the floor manager at a restaurant. He calls a meeting with his staff to discuss scheduling, and he gives his idea first. Everyone quickly agrees with him and his new idea is implemented. This is an example of
- group patterns. (Group patterns is not a specific psychology principle. This question refers to a phenomenon that occurs when a group makes a poor decision as a result of flawed group processes and strong conformity pressures)
- inter-group bias. (Inter-group bias is not a specified concept. This question refers to a phenomenon that occurs when a group makes a poor decision as a result of flawed group processes and strong conformity pressures)
- group polarization. (Incorrect. Group polarization is the strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group. This question refers to a phenomenon that occurs when a group makes a poor decision as a result of flawed group processes and strong conformity pressures)
- groupthink. (Correct. Groupthink is a phenomenon that occurs when a group makes a poor decision as a result of flawed group processes and strong conformity pressures. It seems that Cedrick, as the floor manager, has influenced others to agree with him. That is, his staff might not have wanted to disagree with him regardless of whether it was a bad idea out of fear or intimidation.)
A: groupthink.

Q: If Dana’s management team wants to avoid falling prey to groupthink, they should
- vote verbally as a group when decisions are made. (Incorrect. Voting verballing may lead to conforming and consensus seeking. This may actually do the opposite of reducing groupthink. A strategy that involves people who are less eager to agree with each other may be best.)
- listen to Dana’s ideas first. (Incorrect. There’s no evidence to suggest that Dana’s first idea is the best idea. A strategy that involves people who are less eager to agree with each other may be best.)
- just have smaller groups (3-4 people instead of big groups 8-10 people). (Incorrect. Groupthink can occur in smaller groups as well. A strategy that involves people who are less eager to agree with each other may be best.)
- seek outside opinions on group decisions. (Correct. Because groupthink is a phenomenon that occurs when a group makes a poor decision as a result of flawed group processes and strong conformity pressures, outside opinions may disrupt the process of consensus seeking. That is, outsiders may care less about having to agree with the group, which may prevent the group from making a poor decision based on the desire to simply agree with each other.)
A: seek outside opinions on group decisions.

Q: Wendy is a good runner. In her last half marathon, her speed improved at every mile marker, where people were there to cheer her on. Her improved performance can be explained by
- Groupthink. (Incorrect. Groupthink occurs when there is pressure for consensus. In this scenario, focus on the fact that Wendy’s performance improves because of the presence of other people.)
- social loafing. (Incorrect. Social loafing is the exertion of less effort by a person working in a group because individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group, thus causing performance decline on easy tasks. In this scenario, focus on the fact that Wendy’s performance improves because of the presence of other people.)
- group polarization (Incorrect. Group polarization is the strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group. In this scenario, focus on the fact that Wendy’s performance improves because of the presence of other people)
- social facilitation. (Correct. Social facility refers to improved performance when an audience is watching versus when the individual performs the behavior alone. In this case, Wendy is running well because other people are watching her run.)
A: social facilitation.

Q: Professor Wilcox has students work in groups, but also requires that each group member submit a paper detailing what exactly they did for the project. He does this to prevent
- groupthink. (Incorrect. Groupthink occurs when there is pressure for consensus. Professor Wilcox is trying to prevent students from exerting less effort than they typically would, simply because they are working in a group.)
- social facilitation. (Incorrect. Social facilitation is about the improvement of performance from the presence of others. Professor Wilcox is trying to prevent students from exerting less effort than they typically would, simply because they are working in a group.)
- group polarization (Incorrect. Group polarization is the strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group. In this scenario, Professor Wilcox is trying to prevent students from exerting less effort than they typically would, simply because they are working in a group.)
- social loafing. (Correct. Social loafing is the exertion of less effort by a person working in a group because individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group, thus causing performance decline on easy tasks. Professor Wilcox is trying to prevent this by asking each student to report their individual contribution.)
A: social loafing.

Q: Ramona heard screams in the subway station, and fearlessly jumped onto the tracks to rescue a young boy who had fallen onto the tracks. Ramona’s behavior is an example of ________.
- diffusion of responsibility (Incorrect. The diffusion of responsibility states that when deciding whether to help a person in need, knowing that there are others who could also provide assistance relieves bystanders of some measure of personal responsibility, reducing the likelihood that bystanders will intervene. This example pertains to a person who decided to help, even at a steep potential cost.)
- pluralistic ignorance (Incorrect. Pluralistic ignorance occurs when people rely on the actions of others to define an ambiguous need situation and to then erroneously conclude that no help or intervention is necessary. This example pertains to a person who decided to help, even at a steep potential cost.)
- bystander apathy (Incorrect. Ramona’s behavior appears to be exactly opposite of apathy (i.e., a lack of interest or concern).)
- bystander intervention (Correct. Bystander intervention is the phenomenon whereby people intervene to help others in need even if the other is a complete stranger and the intervention puts the helper at risk.)
A: bystander intervention

Q: Pluralistic ignorance occurs when
- a person relies on cues from other people to determine the best time to help, and then act too late. (Incorrect. People do rely on other people’s cues, but they end up making the decision not to help.)
- a person ignores the needs of another person who is in obvious need of assistance. (Incorrect. The needs of the person are ambiguous--that is, it’s unclear whether the person needs assistance.)
- everyone goes to help, but then discovers that the person doesn’t actually need help. (Incorrect. In the case of pluralistic ignorance, no one acts, and no one offers help.)
- a person relies on other people to gauge whether help is needed, and then decide to do nothing. (Correct. Pluralistic ignorance occurs when people rely on the actions of others to define an ambiguous need situation and to then erroneously conclude that no help or intervention is necessary.)
A: a person relies on other people to gauge whether help is needed, and then decide to do nothing.

Q: Sam sees a woman stumbling and clumsily tripping over her feet on her way to her car. She looks like she is either drunk or ill in some way. Sam wants to help, but has groceries in his hand and sees other people who are closer to her car and will probably step up to help. This failure to act is called
- bystander apathy. (Incorrect. It’s not that Sam lacks interest or concern; he just assumes that someone else will help.)
- the cost-benefit analysis. (Incorrect. It does not appear that Sam is thinking about the cost-benefit of helping; rather, he is thinking that other people may be able to help.)
- the fundamental attribution error. (Incorrect. The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overemphasize internal factors as attributions for behavior and underestimate the power of the situation. It does not make a prediction for helping behavior based on the number of bystanders present.)
- the diffusion of responsibility. (Correct. When deciding whether to help a person in need, knowing that there are others who could also provide assistance relieves bystanders of some measure of personal responsibility, reducing the likelihood that bystanders will intervene. Sam assumes that other people will help probably help her, so he doesn’t need to.)
A: the diffusion of responsibility.

Q: Kitty Genovese was brutally murdered in front of several eyewitnesses who did not intervene or call for help. According to social psychologists, this failure to assist Kitty was due to ________.
- the selfish nature of human beings (That’s incorrect. The key factor that explains the failure to assist Kitty is that there were several eyewitnesses who could have intervened, rather than the selfish nature of human beings.)
- deficits in empathy (That’s incorrect. The key factor that explains the failure to assist Kitty is that there were several eyewitnesses who could have intervened, rather than deficits in empathy.)
- people’s unwillingness to help women in society (Incorrect. Social psychologists focus on environmental factors, such as the presence of other people, in explaining people’s behaviors.)
- a diffusion of responsibility (That’s correct! Diffusion of responsibility is the belief that others will or should take the responsibility for providing assistance to a person in need. This is more likely to occur when there are several bystanders, as in the tragic case of Kitty Genovese’s murder.)
A: a diffusion of responsibility

Q: A person is most likely to assist another
- when the costs of helping are high and the rewards are low. (Incorrect. If this was the outcome of a cost-benefit analysis, then people would be least likely to assist another person in this scenario.)
- when the cost of helping and rewards are both high. (Incorrect. Typically in a cost-benefit analysis, people look for benefits to outweigh the costs.)
- when the cost of helping and rewards are both low. (Incorrect. Typically in a cost-benefit analysis, people look for benefits to outweigh the costs.)
- when the costs of helping are low and the rewards are high. (Correct. Typically people engage in a cost-benefit analysis before helping. This is a decision-making process that compares the cost of an action or thing against the expected benefit to help determine the best course of action.)
A: when the costs of helping are low and the rewards are high.

Q: According to the Batson’s ________ model of prosocial behavior, putting yourself in the shoes of someone else and thinking about how they feel will make you more likely to help.
- arousal: cost-reward (Incorrect. This model focuses on the aversive feelings aroused by seeing another in need.)
- reciprocal altruism (Incorrect. According to evolutionary psychology, this theory proposes that helping is explained by a genetic predisposition for people to help those who have previously helped them (or might potentially help them in the future).)
- egoism (Incorrect. Egoism is a motivation for helping that has the improvement of the helper’s own circumstances as its primary goal.)
- empathy-altruism (Correct. According to this model, the key for altruism is empathizing with the victim, that is, putting oneself in the shoes of the victim and imagining how the victim must feel.)
A: empathy-altruism

Q: Companionate love consists of intimacy and commitment, but may be lacking in ________.
- dedication (Incorrect. Dedication is not a factor in Sternberg’s theory.)
- honesty (Incorrect. Honesty is not a factor in Sternberg’s theory.)
- liking (Incorrect. Liking is a type of “love” in Sternberg’s theory; it is not an element that is part of another type of love.)
- passion (Correct. The inclusion of passion would make it consummate love.)
A: passion

Q: Fatuous love includes passion and commitment, but is lacking in
- privacy. (Incorrect. Privacy is not an element of Sternberg’s theory.)
- honesty. (Incorrect. Honesty is not an element of Sternberg’s theory.)
- liking. (Incorrect. Liking is a type of “love” in Sternberg’s theory; it is not an element that is part of another type of love.)
- intimacy. (Correct. Fatuous love lacks intimacy. The inclusion of intimacy would make this consummate love.)
A: intimacy.

Q: Sternberg argues that the healthiest relationships have consummate love, which includes
- trust, attraction, and dedication. (Incorrect. Consummate love contains three elements, but these are not it.)
- consistency, passion, and honesty. (Incorrect. Passion is one of them, but the other two are not part of consummate love.)
- passion + commitment. (Incorrect. This is fatuous love. Consummate love has these elements and another important one.)
- intimacy, passion, and commitment. (Correct. Consummate love contains these three elements. Typically, relationships move in and out of this type of love. That is, consummate love is not a destination, it’s a process that requires constant attention and care.)
A: intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Q: The saying, “I scratch your back, you scratch mine.” best fits with the concept of
- altruism. (Incorrect. Altruism is about helping others with no expectations about future behaviors.)
- homophily. (Incorrect. Homophily is about similarity. This question is referring to a give and take type of relationship.)
- social exchange. (Incorrect. The social exchange theory proposes that relationships are formed and maintained based on a cost-benefit analysis to determine risks and benefits.)
- reciprocity. (Correct. Reciprocity is the give and take in relationships.)
A: reciprocity.

Q: The tendency for people to form social networks, like friendships and relationships, with others who are similar to them is known as
- Proximity. (Incorrect. Proximity is about distance. This question is asking about social attraction based on similarity.)
- the mere exposure effect. (Incorrect. The mere exposure effect is about familiarity. This question is asking about social attraction based on similarity.)
- reciprocity. (Incorrect. Reciprocity is the give and take in relationships.)
- homophily. (Correct. Homophily is the tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similar.)
A: homophily.

Q: Janica recently started hanging around two different guys: Michael and Devarius. She likes them both a lot and can’t decide who she would rather date. She makes a list of pros and cons and attempts to decide which relationship would provide the most benefits. Her reasoning is in accordance with the
- triangular theory of love. (Incorrect. Janica’s evaluation does not have to do with the various types of love, but rather it deals with a cost-benefit analysis of each potential partner.)
- reciprocity theory. (Incorrect. Janica’s evaluation might include reciprocity, but overall she’s making a cost-benefit analysis of each potential partner.)
- attribution theory. (Incorrect. Attribution involves making inferences about other people’s behaviors. This question refers to a cost-benefit analysis to determine risks and benefits of relationships.)
- social exchange theory. (Correct. The social exchange theory proposes that relationships are formed and maintained based on a cost-benefit analysis to determine risks and benefits.)
A: social exchange theory.

Q: Which of the following statements is correct regarding social exchange theory?
- Most people are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more benefits than costs. (Incorrect. Generally, people aim to attain as many benefits as possible, while accruing as few costs as possible.)
- People are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits unless the relationship is an example of consummate love. (Incorrect. Leave the portion about consummate love out of this sentence and it actually works pretty well.)
- It is possible to exchange relationships with money. (Incorrect. This statement has nothing to do with the social exchange theory, which proposes that relationships are formed and maintained based on a cost-benefit analysis to determine risks and benefits.)
- People are motivated to maximize the benefits of social exchanges, or relationships, and minimize the costs. (Correct. Generally, people aim to attain as many benefits as possible, while accruing as few costs as possible.)
A: People are motivated to maximize the benefits of social exchanges, or relationships, and minimize the costs.

Q: According to a study done by Sarah Master and her colleagues, which was most helpful in reducing pain?
- holding an object (Incorrect. They found that holding hand with a person (specifically this type of person) was most effective at reducing pain.)
- holding hands with a stranger (Incorrect. Although they did find that holding hands with a person was more effective than an object, it wasn’t the hands of a stranger.)
- looking at a picture of hands (Incorrect. Pictures of a partner had the highest effect--not pictures of hands.)
- holding hands of a loved one (Correct. They found that holding hands of a loved one was better than holding hands with a stranger or an object.)
A: holding hands of a loved one

Q: Jamela has a localized surgery approaching, and her friend tells her about some research conducted by Sarah Master and her colleagues that may help reduce her pain levels during the procedure. Her friend recommends that for the most helpful, pain-reducing effect, Jamela should
- take her boyfriend to the appointment. (Incorrect. Holding hands of a partner was more effective than holding hands of a stranger or an object, but it was still not better than this one strategy.)
- look at a picture of a person in a magazine. (Incorrect. Re-examine whether pictures of strangers in magazines would help, or do the images need to be of a specific person/people.)
- look at a picture of her favorite vacation destination. (Incorrect. Pictures of specific people are more helpful; The study did not indicate the effectiveness of vacation pictures.)
- look at a picture of her boyfriend during the procedure. (Correct. Looking at a picture of a partner was even better than holding hands with a partner.)
A: look at a picture of her boyfriend during the procedure.

Q: Jarred Younger’s research showed that
- looking at images of romantic partners is by far the least effective tool in pain reduction. (Incorrect. Looking at images of a romantic partner was one of the more effective strategy for reducing pain.)
- looking at images of stranger or other distractors were both helpful in reducing pain. (Incorrect. Images of strangers did not effectively reduce reduction.)
- looking at a picture of anything can effectively reduce pain. (Incorrect. The study suggested that specific images were effective, while others were not.)
- looking at images of a romantic partner or holding hands with a romantic partner was helpful in reducing pain. (Correct. Looking at images of a romantic partner was particularly effective.)
A: looking at images of a romantic partner or holding hands with a romantic partner was helpful in reducing pain.

Q: Believing that old people think slowly is an example of ________, but refusing to hire a person because they are advanced in age is an example of ________.
- prejudice; a stereotype (Incorrect. The second blank refers to an action/behavior. Stereotypes are mental representations of people or things.)
- discrimination; a stereotype (Incorrect. The first blank refers to a cognitive association between people and certain characteristics. However, the first answer here, discrimination, refers to behaviors toward others.)
- discrimination, prejudice (Incorrect. Discrimination refers to a negative or unfair behavior toward members of a group. Prejudice refers to a negative attitude held toward members of a particular group.)
- a stereotype; discrimination (Correct. Stereotypes are mental schemas, or quick mental representations of people or associations (e.g., old people are slow). Discrimination is an unjustifiable negative behavior toward others (e.g., not hiring someone).)
A: a stereotype; discrimination

Q: Ageism is ________ and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age.
- Scapegoating (Incorrect. Scapegoating refers to the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal.)
- hatred (Incorrect. Hatred reflects negative attitudes, which is an element of this broader concept that this question is asking about.)
- scapegoating (Incorrect. Scapegoating refers to the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal.)
- prejudice (Correct. Ageism has both attitude and a behavior components.)
A: prejudice

Q: Racism is both prejudice and ________ toward another group because of their skin color.
- scapegoating (Incorrect. Scapegoating refers to the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal.)
- hatred (Incorrect. Hatred reflects negative attitudes, which is an element of prejudice. This question is referring to behaviors toward another group, in addition to prejudice.)
- attribution (Incorrect. Attribution is the process of explaining our own or others’ behavior, it does not have to deal with prejudice or behaviors directed at another group.)
- discrimination (Correct. Racism is both about negative attitudes (prejudice) and behaviors (discrimination) directed at another group because of their skin color.)
A: discrimination

Q: Diego teaches third grade and has heard that one of his students, Farrah, is coming to his class next year. She’s supposedly a big troublemaker who likes to talk back to teachers, so Diego is not surprised when she talks back to him on the second day of school. He didn’t recognize that she had been obedient and respectful o the first day, however. This experience is an example of ________.
- confirmation preconception (Incorrect. Although this sounds accurate, there is no psychological principle know as confirmation preconception.)
- confirmation prejudice (Incorrect. Although this sounds accurate, there is no psychological principle know as confirmation prejudice.)
- stereotyping (Incorrect. Stereotypes are schemas (or mental shortcuts). This scenario deals with the type of information we attune to versus the type of information we ignore.)
- confirmation bias (Correct. When people engage in confirmation bias, they only attune to information that confirms their preconceptions or beliefs and do not seek out or pay attention to information that counters what they already believe.)
A: confirmation bias

Q: The group we identify with and feel a part of is known as our ________.
- outgroup (Incorrect. Outgroup are others that we do not identify with nor feel a part of.)
- peer group (Incorrect. Peer group suggests that others are similar to us in some meaningful way, without the distinction of identifying or feeling apart of our group.)
- self-identity (Incorrect. This question is referring to group memberships.)
- ingroup (Correct. Our in-group allows us to have a connection with a group and separate ourselves from others. This can occur over trivial differences.)
A: ingroup

Q: Recent economic problems combined with a refugee crisis has led many countries to blame refugees for taking jobs and inciting terrorist activities. In this example, refugees are victims of ________, as they are blamed because of frustration experienced within an in-group.
- discrimination (Incorrect. Discrimination is an unjustifiable negative behavior toward others. This question is about blame.)
- in-group bias (Incorrect. Although seemingly correct because this question leads one to belief that people are exhibiting a preference for their ingroup, the core of the question asks about where the blame is placed. Therefore, look for a theory that refers to the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal.)
- prejudice (Incorrect. Prejudice is an unfair, biased, intolerant attitude toward another group of people. It is not about where blame should be placed.)
- scapegoating (Correct! Scapegoating refers to the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal.)
A: scapegoating

Q: Jamal is placed in the remedial reading class at school and labels himself as a bad reader, thereby causing him to read less and not improve his reading. This is an example of the
- mere exposure effect. (Incorrect. The mere exposure effect refers to the tendency to feel more positively toward a stimulus as a results of repeated exposure to it. This situation deals with the consequences of expectations.)
- stereotype threat. (Incorrect. Stereotype threat is a sense of threat evoked in members of stereotyped groups when they believe they may be judged or treated in a stereotypical manner. This is not what is happening in this particular situation.)
- the fundamental attribution error (That’s incorrect. The fundamental attribution error occurs when people make dispositional attributions about people’s behavior before accounting for potential situational explanations.)
- self-fulfilling prophecy. (Correct. A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation that helps bring about the outcome that is expected. The expectation that Jamal is not a good reader leads Jamal to become a poor reader.)
A: self-fulfilling prophecy.

Q: Bobby performed poorly during his soccer game, and gets in a fist fight with his brother later that night. According to the ________, Bobby became aggressive because of is disappointing performance.
- instrumental aggression principle (Incorrect. Instrumental aggression suggests that aggression is used to achieve some other goal besides the aggression itself (e.g., shoving someone to get get in front of a line).)
- hostile aggression theory (Incorrect. Instrumental aggression is a type of aggression in which the reason for the aggression is to simply cause harm. So while Bobby’s fist fight represents hostile aggression, it doesn’t explain why Bobby is aggressive in the first place. Look for the theory that explains the cause of aggression.)
- self-handicapping theory (Incorrect. Self-handicapping is about sabotaging one’s own behaviors to avoid a future let down. It does not deal with aggression. Look for the theory that explains the cause of aggression)
- frustration aggression theory (Correct. The frustration aggression theory predicts that when people are prevented from achieving their goals (e.g., performing well during a soccer game), that leads to negative affect, which people interpret as anger. Then, people express that anger in the form of aggression (e.g., getting into a fight).)
A: frustration aggression theory

Q: According to the frustration aggression theory, what would you expect to happen after Mekayla bombs her performance at the piano recital?
- Mekayla eats a sandwich. (Incorrect. This response does not suggest that Mekayla’s frustration has turned into a negative emotion or behavior (which the frustration-aggression theory predicts would happen).)
- Mekayla takes a nap. (Incorrect. This response does not suggest that Mekayla’s frustration has turned into a negative emotion or behavior (which the frustration-aggression theory predicts would happen).)
- Mekayla meditates. (Incorrect. This response does not suggest that Mekayla’s frustration has turned into a negative emotion or behavior (which the frustration-aggression theory predicts would happen).)
- Mekayla kicks her cat. (Correct. The frustration aggression theory predicts that when people are prevented from achieving their goals (e.g., performing well), that leads to negative affect, which people interpret as anger. Then, people express that anger in the form of aggression (e.g., kicks a cat).)
A: Mekayla kicks her cat.

Q: Which of the following situations is an example of instrumental aggression?
- Darlington is mad at Jake and decides to hurt him by shoving him down the stairs. (Incorrect. This is not an example of instrumental aggression because the aggression doesn’t achieve another purpose beyond the aggression itself.)
- Wilmer performs poorly at his lacrosse match and blames it on his teammate, Demarcus. Wilmer corners Demarcus and punches him. (Incorrect. This is not an example of instrumental aggression because the aggression doesn’t achieve another purpose beyond the aggression itself.)
- Jackson punches John for stepping on his musical instrument. (Incorrect. This is not an example of instrumental aggression because the aggression doesn’t achieve another purpose beyond the aggression itself.)
- John really wants his toy back from Evan, so he pushes him out of the way. (Correct. Instrumental aggression serves a purpose beyond the aggression itself. In this instance, aggression is used to gain access to a toy.)
A: John really wants his toy back from Evan, so he pushes him out of the way.