Title: Motivation and Emotion
Course: Question Banks

Q: Is being able to multitask, or cognitively focus on two different tasks at the same time, something that humans can do?
- Yes, everyone can multitask (Incorrect. While we tend to think we're really good at multitasking, researchers have found that trying to do too many things at the same time resulted in less effective learning, lower exam scores, and decreased study efficiency.)
- Yes, but only some people can multitask (Incorrect. While we tend to think we're really good at multitasking, researchers have found that trying to do too many things at the same time resulted in less effective learning, lower exam scores, and decreased study efficiency.)
- No, it is impossible for humans to multitask (Correct. While we tend to think we're really good at multitasking, researchers have found that trying to do too many things at the same time resulted in less effective learning, lower exam scores, and decreased study efficiency.)
A: No, it is impossible for humans to multitask

Q: How does task switching impact learning?
- Positively (Incorrect. Researchers have found that task switching, or trying to do too many things at the same time, resulted in less effective learning, lower exam scores, and decreased study efficiency.)
- Neither positively nor negatively (Incorrect. Researchers have found that task switching, or trying to do too many things at the same time, resulted in less effective learning, lower exam scores, and decreased study efficiency.)
- Negatively (Correct. Researchers have found that task switching, or trying to do too many things at the same time, resulted in less effective learning, lower exam scores, and decreased study efficiency.)
A: Negatively

Q: Amber, a manager for a large company, wants to motivate her employees by offering them large bonuses for productivity. This is an example of which type of motivation?
- intrinsic (That's incorrect. Intrinsic motivators come from within the person. Amber is giving a reward for her employees productivity.)
- temporary (That’s incorrect. Temporary motivation is brief. Amber is giving a reward for her employees productivity.)
- continuous (That’s incorrect. The source of continuous motivation is ongoing. Amber is giving a reward for her employees productivity.)
- extrinsic (That's correct! Rewards such as bonuses are extrinsic motivators. These provide external rewards.)
A: extrinsic

Q: Ben asks his daughter to clean her room and always rewards her when she does. He’s doing this because he thinks it’s a good way to get her motivated to do it on her own. What type of motivation is Ben using?
- intrinsic (That's incorrect. Intrinsic motivation is an internal motivation that does not involve external rewards.)
- self-serving (That's incorrect. Self-serving is not an identified type of motivation.)
- internal (That’s incorrect. Internal is another word for intrinsic and does not involve external rewards.)
- extrinsic (That's correct! By giving his daughter rewards, Ben is using extrinsic motivation. If his daughter is doing it for the rewards, it’s highly likely she’ll not clean her room as soon as he stops them. To get her to continue on her own and without rewards, he would want to help her become intrinsically motivated. If she’s doing it because she wants to, she’s more likely to continue in the absence of rewards.)
A: extrinsic

Q: Which type of motivation arises from external factors or rewards?
- instinctive (Incorrect. Instinctive behavior is doing something naturally or automatically.)
- intrinsic (Incorrect. Intrinsic motivation is an internal desire to do something because of the enjoyment of the activity.)
- incentive (Incorrect. Incentive is something that motivates or encourages one to do something.)
- extrinsic (Correct! Extrinsic motivation refers to behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise.)
A: extrinsic

Q: What is motivation?
- the desire to work towards a goal (Incorrect. Although having a desire to work towards a goal, motivation is an internal process that initiate, sustain, and direct activities towards a goal.)
- the mental exertion necessary to perform a task (Incorrect. Working towards a goal does require mental exertion but it is not motivation.)
- the value of a goal above and beyond its ability to fill a need (Incorrect. The value of a goal and its ability to fill a need is important to the individual but is not the definition of motivation.)
- wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal (Correct! Motivation is an internal process that initiate, sustain, and direct activities towards a goal.)
A: wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal

Q: A new born baby knowing how to suck to get food is an example of a
- habit. (Incorrect. A habit is a settled or regular tendency or practice that is hard to give up.)
- motivator. (Incorrect. A motivator is something that drives someone to do something.)
- goal. (Incorrect. A goal is an object of a person’s ambition or effort which is an aim or desired result.)
- instinct. (Correct! An instinct is an innate, fixed pattern of behavior in response to certain stimuli.)
A: instinct.

Q: An individual’s belief in her own capability to complete a task is called
- the self-fulfilling prophecy. (Incorrect. The self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes it to become true.)
- motivational fulfillment. (Incorrect. Motivational fulfillment is the feeling of being happy and satisfied.)
- incentive value (Incorrect. Incentive value is the anticipated pleasure involved in the performance of a particular behavior.)
- self-efficacy. (Correct! Self-efficacy is a belief in your capacity to complete a task.)
A: self-efficacy.

Q: Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy?
- Damion believes that Jessica will get into medical school. (Incorrect. Jessica does not believe that she will get into medical school but Damion does believe in her.)
- Yvonne loves learning and always tries her best in school. (Incorrect. Although Yvonne loves learning and tries her best, belief in self is at the core of self-efficacy.)
- James plays video games until he has to go to school. (Incorrect. Although James may enjoy playing video games, his belief system is not necessarily involved here.)
- Christina believes she can earn a college scholarship. (Correct! Self-efficacy is a belief in your capacity to complete a task. Christina believes she can earn a college scholarship.)
A: Christina believes she can earn a college scholarship.

Q: A pattern of behavior that we regularly engage in is known as a/an
- motivation. (Incorrect. Motivation is an urge to complete a task.)
- instinct. (Incorrect. An instinct is fixed pattern of behavior in response to a stimuli.)
- goal. (Incorrect. A goal is something you are trying to do or achieve.)
- habit. (Correct! A habit is a regularly engaged learned pattern of behavior.)
A: habit.

Q: Jenessa’s low blood sugar signals to her brain that she need some food. This is an example of ________ theory.
- feedback (Incorrect. Feedback is information about reactions to a product, a person's performance of a task, etc. which is used as a basis for improvement.)
- motivational (Incorrect. Motivation theory is the general desire or willingness of someone to do something.)
- activity (Incorrect. Activity theory indicates that a person engages in activities in order to maintain a level of productivity to age successfully.)
- drive (Correct! Drive theory attempts to define, analyze, or classify psychological drive which can promote an instinctual need that has the power of driving the behavior of an individual.)
A: drive

Q: If Renae is feeling bored and goes out of her dorm to find something fun going on, a psychologist would say that her behavior is consistent with
- drive theory. (Incorrect. Drive theory is a theory that attempts to classify the psychological drives.)
- Yerkes-Dodson Law. (Incorrect. Yerkes-Dodson law dictates that performance increases with physiological or mental arousal but only to a point.)
- activity theory. (Incorrect. Activity theory, also known as the theory of aging, proposes that successful ageing occurs when older adults stay active and maintain social interactions.)
- arousal theory. (Correct! Arousal theory assumes that people prefer to maintain ideal or comfortable levels of arousal.)
A: arousal theory.

Q: The Yerkes-Dodson law, which holds that  ________ are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high and ________ are best performed when arousal levels are lower.
- complex tasks; simple tasks (Incorrect. Yerkes-Dodson law focuses on arousal levels. This answer is reversed for peak performance.)
- intrinsically-motivated; extrinsically-motivated (Incorrect. Motivation is important with performance, however, the Yerkes-Dodson law focuses on states of arousal.)
- goals; drives (Incorrect. While goals and drives are important, Yerkes-Dodson law identifies performance increases with physiological or mental arousal but only to a point.)
- simple tasks; complex tasks (Correct! Yerkes-Dodson law dictates that performance increases with physiological or mental arousal - simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high and complex tasks are best performed when arousal levels are lower.)
A: simple tasks; complex tasks

Q: According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, when is the most efficient time for Bronte to complete the easy task of vacuuming her apartment?
- after falling asleep on the couch (Incorrect. Given that falling asleep on the couch is a low arousal task, according to Yerkes-Dodson law this would not be the most efficient time for Bronte to vacuum her apartment.)
- after listening to music on the bed (Incorrect. Given that listening to music on the bed is a low arousal task, according to Yerkes-Dodson law this would not be the most efficient time for Bronte to vacuum her apartment.)
- after her afternoon yoga session (Incorrect. Given that going to a yoga session is a low arousal task, according to Yerkes-Dodson law, this would not be the most efficient time for Bronte to vacuum her apartment.)
- after coming back in from a short jog (Correct! According to Yerkes-Dodson law the most efficient time for Bronte to complete the task of vacuuming her apartment is after she has come back from a short job. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high and complex tasks are best performed when arousal levels are lower.)
A: after coming back in from a short jog

Q: Which needs need to be met first, according to Maslow’s hierarchy?
- acceptance (Incorrect. Acceptance falls into self-actualization, which is at the highest level, when an individual achieves their full potential.)
- emotional (Incorrect. Emotional needs are in the 3rd and 4th tiers of Maslow’s hierarchy.)
- esteem (Incorrect. Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the esteem level in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. This is the fourth level in Maslow’s hierarchy.)
- physiological (Correct! The first needs to be met, according to Maslow’s hierarchy, are physiological needs such as food, shelter, and warmth.)
A: physiological

Q: According to Maslow, which needs should be met just before self-actualization can be achieved?
- physiological (Incorrect. Physiological needs are basic needs - the first level of Maslow’s hierarchy.)
- safety (Incorrect. Safety needs are the second level of Maslow’s hierarchy.)
- belongingness and love (Incorrect. Belongingness and love are the middle level of Maslow’s hierarchy.)
- esteem (Correct! Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence, the esteem level in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, needs to be met just before self-actualization.)
A: esteem

Q: Once a person feels physiologically comfortable and secure, Maslow would say they can then focus on the ________ level in the hierarchy of needs.
- esteem (Incorrect. Esteem is between willingness and love and self-actualization.)
- security (Incorrect. Security is next, above physiological needs.)
- actualization (Incorrect. Actualization is at the top of Maslow’s hierarchy.)
- social (Correct! The social level is the next area of focus after a person is physiologically comfortable and secure.)
A: social

Q: Based on the Carol Dweck’s research on mindsets, what would be the best advice a teacher could offer his student while working on some difficult problems?
- “You’re so smart!” (Incorrect. This statement is encouraging but does not encourage growth.)
- “You can do it!” (Incorrect. This statement is encouraging but does not encourage growth.)
- “If you would work harder, you’d get better grades.” (Incorrect. According to Carol Dweck this would be considered a fixed mindset.)
- “I like the way you’re working so hard on that.” (Correct! Carol Dweck’s research on mindsets encourages a growth mindset for success. This statement encourages growth.)
A: “I like the way you’re working so hard on that.”

Q: David is a decent student in school and enjoys learning. He feels that he can be just as “smart” as anyone else, just as long as he works hard. David’s way of thinking could be called a ________.
- fixed mindset (Incorrect. In a fixed mindset someone believes that intelligence is just a fixed trait.)
- smart mindset (Incorrect. Students with a smart mindset identify an understanding of concepts. However, this is not an identified concept of Dweck’s theory.)
- success mindset (Incorrect. Students with a success mindset identify a road to success. However, this is not an identified concept of Dweck’s theory.)
- growth mindset (Correct! David’s way of thinking has a growth mindset which identifies a potential that can be cultivated through educational instruction and hard work.)
A: growth mindset

Q: Blackwell, Trzesniewski, and Dweck’s research found that students with a ________ prefered challenging work and were not discouraged by failure.
- fixed mindset (That’s incorrect. In a fixed mindset someone believes that intelligence is just a fixed trait.)
- smart mindset (That’s incorrect. Students with a smart mindset identify an understanding of concepts. However, this is not an identified concept of Dweck’s theory.)
- success mindset (That’s incorrect. Students with a success mindset identify a road to success. However, this is not an identified concept of Dweck’s theory.)
- growth mindset (That’s correct! Students with a growth mindset identify a potential that can be cultivated through educational instruction and are not discouraged by failure.)
A: growth mindset

Q: The hormone ________ signals feelings of fullness to the brain.
- estrogen (That’s incorrect. Estrogen is a female sex hormone.)
- klonopin (That’s incorrect. Klonopin is a benzodiazepine often prescribed to treat anxiety and seizures.)
- ghrelin (That’s incorrect. Ghrelin is a hormone which plays a role in meal initiation.)
- leptin (That’s correct! Leptin is a satiety hormone which signifies fullness.)
A: leptin

Q: Most people feel ________ after eating, which signals to the brain that they should stop eating.
- testosterone (That’s incorrect. Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone.)
- ghrelin (That’s incorrect. Ghrelin is a hormone which plays a role in meal initiation.)
- estrogen (That’s incorrect. Estrogen is a female sex hormone.)
- satiation (That’s correct! After eating most people feel a sense of fullness or satiation which signals the brain they should stop eating.)
A: satiation

Q: Several areas of the ________ are particularly important to regulating eating behavior.
- frontal lobes (That’s incorrect. The frontal lobes are not major players in regulating eating behavior and hunger.)
- hippocampus (That’s incorrect. The hippocampus does not play a major role in regulating eating behavior and hunger.)
- corpus callosum (That’s incorrect. The corpus callosum does not play a major role in regulating eating behavior and hunger.)
- hypothalamus (That’s correct! Several areas of the hypothalamus are particularly important to regulating eating behaviors.)
A: hypothalamus

Q: Measuring a person’s height and weight reveals their ________, which is in the normal range between 18-25.
- set point (That’s incorrect. Set point is the weight that the human body has a specific weight at which it is comfortable.)
- metabolism (That’s incorrect. Metabolism is the organic and chemical processes inside of organisms that are necessary to maintain life, or how quickly you burn calories or fat.)
- thyroid function (That’s incorrect. The thyroid is a vitally important hormonal gland that plays a major role in the metabolism, growth and maturation of the human body)
- body mass index (That’s correct! Body mass index is a height-weight ratio.)
A: body mass index

Q: Social and environmental factors play large roles in the regulation of body weight. These factors are not necessarily considered in the ________, which claims that each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change.
- metabolic theory (Incorrect. Metabolic theory is the rate of metabolism, the amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time.)
- Yerkes-Dodson law (Incorrect. The Yerkes-Dodson Law suggests that there is a relationship between performance and arousal. Increased arousal can help improve performance, but only up to a certain point.)
- body mass index (Incorrect. BMI is a value derived from the mass (weight) and height of an individual.)
- set point theory (That’s correct! Set point theory indicates that the body’s resources are maintained at a constant optimal level by compensating changes in hunger and the body will seek its initial set point.)
A: set point theory

Q: Shalisha doesn’t play sports or workout at the gym, but she does make an effort to walk to class everyday. She seems to always have a big appetite and eats large meals at least 4 times a day. She still remains quite thin. You could say that Shalisha probably has a high
- set point. (That’s incorrect. Set point theory indicates that the body’s resources are maintained at a constant optimal level by compensating changes in hunger and the body will seek its initial set point.)
- body mass index. (That’s incorrect. BMI is a value derived from the mass (weight) and height of an individual.)
- weight. (That’s incorrect. Weight is a body's relative mass or the quantity of matter contained by it, giving rise to a downward force.)
- metabolism. (That’s correct! Metabolic rate is the rate of metabolism, the amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time. Shalisha has a big appetite and eats large meals. She has a naturally slender frame which indicates her body burns energy from food at a faster rate than her peers.)
A: metabolism.

Q: If Neveah eats large meals and then forces herself to vomit afterwards, she probably has ________ nervosa.
- anorexia (That’s incorrect. Anorexia is associated with starvation, excessive exercise, and obsession with weight.)
- Prader-Willi (That’s incorrect. Prader-Willi is a genetic disorder that causes obesity.)
- starvation (That’s incorrect. Starvation is a long-term, severe deprivation of nutrition.)
- bulimia (That’s correct! Bulimia is associated with binge eating, vomiting, and swallowing laxatives. Neveah probably suffers from bulimia nervosa.)
A: bulimia

Q: Bradley is constantly checking his weight in the mirror and on the scale. He restricts his diet to a small amount of calories a day and forces himself to run at least 10 miles a day. His body weight is excessively low. He probably suffers from ________ nervosa.
- bulimia (Incorrect. Someone with bulimia would show behaviors including binge eating, vomiting, and swallowing laxatives.)
- high metabolism (Incorrect. Someone with high metabolism means your body burns energy from food at a faster rate)
- starvation (Incorrect. Starvation is a long-term, severe deprivation of nutrition.)
- anorexia (Correct! Bradley probably suffers from anorexia nervosa as indicated by his diet restriction, checking his weight in the mirror and on the scale, and excessive daily exercise.)
A: anorexia

Q: How is bulimia different from binge eating?
- Bulimia consists of starvation, distorted body image, and low body weight, while binge eating consists of overeating and then purging. (Incorrect. Anorexia consists of starvation, distorted body image, and low body weight.)
- Bulimia consists of overeating, which binge eating consists of overeating to the point of feeling sick and vomiting. (Incorrect. Bulimia consists overeating and then purging.)
- Bulimia consists of feeling sick and vomiting, and binge eating consists of starvation and distorted body image. (Incorrect. Bulimics can often feel sick and purge.)
- Bulimia consists of binge eating and then purging the food, while binge eating consists of overeating and then feeling guilty. (Correct! Bulimia consists of binge eating and then purging the food, while binge eating consists of overeating and then feeling guilty.)
A: Bulimia consists of binge eating and then purging the food, while binge eating consists of overeating and then feeling guilty.

Q: Lesions to the medial preoptic area of the ________ in rats disrupt a male rat’s ability to engage in sexual behavior.
- hippocampus (Incorrect. The hippocampus can be affected in many ways but it is not affected by lesions in the)
- medial preoptic area. (Incorrect. Lesions in the medial preoptic area are affected but do not show a disruption in a male rat’s ability to engage in sexual behavior.)
- front lobe (Incorrect. Lesions in the front lobe are affected but do not show a disruption in a male rat’s ability to engage in sexual behavior.)
- hypothalamus (Correct! Lesions in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus in rats have shown a disruption in a male rat’s ability to engage in sexual behavior.)
A: hypothalamus

Q: Which hormone plays a major role in sexual motivation for both men and women?
- estrogen (Incorrect. Estrogen plays a role in sexual desire for women.)
- progesterone (Incorrect. Progesterone is a hormone that regulates motivation to engage in sexual behavior of women.)
- serotonin (Incorrect. Testosterone plays a major role in sexual motivation for both men and women.)
- testosterone (Correct! Testosterone plays a major role in sexual motivation for both men and women.)
A: testosterone

Q: What are the stages of the sexual response cycle?
- excitement, plateau, resolution, and orgasm (Incorrect. The stages of the sexual response cycle are excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution.)
- plateau, excitement, orgasm, resolution (Incorrect. The stages of the sexual response cycle are excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution.)
- plateau, orgasm, resolution, excitement. (Incorrect. The stages of the sexual response cycle are excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution.)
- excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution (Correct! The stages of the sexual response cycle are excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution.)
A: excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Q: Which early researcher(s) conducted surveys and interviews to gather data about sexual behavior?
- William Masters and Virginia Johnson (That’s incorrect. Masters and Johnson recorded measurements of physiological variables in sexual response.)
- Albert Bandura (That’s incorrect. Bandura’s Social Learning Theory posits that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling.)
- Abraham Maslow (That’s incorrect. Maslow’s theory stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs and that some needs take precedence over others.)
- Alfred Kinsey (That’s correct! Kinsey collected data by personal interviews about sexual behavior.)
A: Alfred Kinsey

Q: Research by ________ identified the sexual response cycle and also revealed information about reproductive anatomy.
- Alfred Kinsey (That’s incorrect. Kinsey collected data by personal interviews about sexual behavior and learned more about sexual practices.)
- Albert Bandura (That’s incorrect. Bandura’s Social Learning Theory posits that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling)
- Abraham Maslow (That’s incorrect. Maslow stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs and that some needs take precedence over others.)
- William Masters and Virginia Johnson (That’s correct. Masters and Johnson recorded measurements of physiological variables in sexual response and identified the sexual response cycle.)
A: William Masters and Virginia Johnson

Q: If Jan is emotionally and sexually attracted to both men and women, she is ________.
- homosexual (Incorrect. As Jan is sexually and emotionally attracted to women she is identified as homosexual.)
- heterosexual (Incorrect. As Jan is sexually and emotionally attracted to men she is identified as heterosexual.)
- transgender (Incorrect. If Jan has a sense of personal identity and gender does not compare with her birth sex she is transgender.)
- bisexual (Correct! Jan is identified as bisexual given her attraction to both men and women.)
A: bisexual

Q: If Mekhi is a man who feels attracted to other men, he is ________.
- bisexual (Incorrect. If Mekhi feels emotionally and sexually attracted to both genders he would be considered bisexual.)
- heterosexual (Incorrect. If Mekhi feels emotionally and sexually attracted to women he would be identified as heterosexual.)
- transexual (Incorrect. If Mekhi feels he emotionally and psychologically belongs to the opposite sex he is transexual.)
- homosexual (Correct! As Mekhi feels emotionally and sexually attracted to men he would be identified as homosexual.)
A: homosexual

Q: Someone with ________ may be inclined to undertake transgender hormone therapy.
- bisexual identity (That’s incorrect. Someone with bisexual identity has a sexual attraction to both males and females.)
- same-sex attraction (That’s incorrect. Someone with same-sex attraction would be attracted to persons of the same gender.)
- gender identity (That’s incorrect. Someone with gender identity is a personal sense of one’s own gender.)
- gender dysphoria (That’s correct! Someone with gender dysphoria may be inclined to undertake transgender hormone therapy which are are synthetic (man-made) hormones that suppress the hormones naturally produced by the body.)
A: gender dysphoria

Q: The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion consists of a ________ along with the physiological component of an experience.
- emotion (That’s incorrect. The Schachter-Singer theory does not consist of emotion.)
- fight or flight response (That’s incorrect. The Schachter-Singer theory is not a fight or flight response.)
- hierarchy of needs (That’s incorrect. The hierarchy of needs was identified by Maslow.)
- cognitive appraisal (That’s correct! The Schachter-Singer theory consists of both cognitive appraisal and physiological components.)
A: cognitive appraisal

Q: The James-Lange theory holds that we experience an emotion first after
- cognitive appraisal of the experience. (That's incorrect. Cognitive appraisal of an experience is not an aspect of James-Lange theory.)
- emotional analysis. (That's incorrect. The James-Lange theory says we experience the emotion not because of analysis.)
- identifying each factor of the event (That's incorrect. The James-Lange theory says we experience the emotion but not because of because of identifying each factor of the event)
- physiological arousal. (That's correct! The James-Lange theory says we experience the emotion because of the particular state of arousal.)
A: physiological arousal.

Q: ________ believed that physiological arousal is very similar across the different types of emotions that we experience. For example, our body might respond similarly to getting a new job or getting fired from a job. These researchers claim that the cognitive appraisal of the situation is critical to the actual emotion experienced.
- James-Lange (That's incorrect. The James-Lange theory of emotion does not involve a cognitive appraisal of the arousal.)
- Masters and Johnson (That’s incorrect. Masters and Johnson pioneered research into the understanding of human sexual response.)
- Maslow (That’s incorrect. Maslow proposed that healthy human beings have a certain number of needs and these are arranged in a hierarchy.)
- a Schachter-Singer (That's correct! The Schacter-Singer theory says we experience arousal and then, depending on the situation we are in, connect it with an emotion. Thus, different situations can result in the experience of different emotions, despite the same state of arousal.)
A: a Schachter-Singer

Q: Which study supports Schacter and Singer’s idea that emotion is the interpretation of the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label we apply to explain the arousal.
- Participants in a study thought cartoons were funnier when holding a pen between their teeth (mimicking the facial action of a smile) compared to when holding a pen between their lips (similar to a frown). (Incorrect. In this study the facial feedback hypothesis suggests that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, influences the subjective experience of that particular emotion.)
- Participants were shown various animals and insects (snakes, spiders, etc.) and their physiological responses were recorded and demonstrated reactions even prior to the person stating that how they felt. (Incorrect. Schacter and Singer experiments do not include this protocol.)
- Participants were asked to group together to watch movies and provide feedback. (Incorrect. Opinion based feedback is not indicative of the Schacter and Singer protocol.)
- Participants were injected with epinephrine. Some were told about its arousal effects and some were not, then they observed either angry or euphoric behavior. While everyone that received an injection of epinephrine experienced the same physiological arousal, only those who were not expecting the arousal used context to interpret the arousal as a change in emotional state. (Correct! Schacter and Singer experiments were examining the interaction of the participants’ physiological arousal and the cognitive label that participants’ used to interpret their arousal.)
A: Participants were injected with epinephrine. Some were told about its arousal effects and some were not, then they observed either angry or euphoric behavior. While everyone that received an injection of epinephrine experienced the same physiological arousal, only those who were not expecting the arousal used context to interpret the arousal as a change in emotional state.

Q: When participants in a study were forced to smile while watching cartoons, they labeled them as even funnier and happier than participants who were frowning. This supports
- the two-factor theory of emotion. (Incorrect. The two-factor theory of emotion has to do with the arousal that one experiences and the cognitive appraisal of the situation.)
- cognitive-mediational therapy. (Incorrect. Cognitive-mediational therapy posits that stimulus leads to a personal meaning that is derived from cognition, leading to both arousal and emotion.)
- social cognitive theory (Incorrect. The social cognitive theory holds that portions of an individual’s knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others.)
- the facial feedback hypothesis. (Correct! The facial feedback hypothesis states that facial movement can influence emotional experience such as with participants in a study who are forced to smile while watching cartoons.)
A: the facial feedback hypothesis.

Q: Changes in ________ structure and function have been demonstrated in adolescents who are either at-risk or have been diagnosed with various mood and/or anxiety disorders.
- hypothalamus (Incorrect. Mood and anxiety affects the brain there is no connection of changes in the hypothalamus in adolescents.)
- hippocampus (Incorrect. Mood and anxiety affects the brain there is no connection of changes in the hippocampus in adolescents.)
- corpus callosum (Incorrect. Mood and anxiety affects the brain there is no connection of changes in the corpus callosum in adolescents.)
- amygdala (Correct! Changes in the structure and function of the amygdala are connected with various mood and anxiety disorders.)
A: amygdala

Q: According to a study by Raineki, Cortés, Belnoue, and Sullivan (2012), rat pups who experience abuse early in their lives were likely to show depressive behaviors and
- decreased activation in the central nucleus of the amygdala. (Incorrect. In this experiment rat pups who experienced abuse early in their lives showed structural changes in the amygdala but it was not a decrease in activation.)
- growth in the hippocampus. (Incorrect. In this experiment rat pups who experienced abuse early in their lives showed structural changes in the brain but not growth in the hippocampus.)
- increased activation in the hippocampus. (Incorrect. In this experiment rat pups who experienced abuse early in their lives showed structural changes in the brain but not increased activation in the hippocampus.)
- increased activation in the amygdala. (Correct! In this experiment rat pups who experienced abuse early in their lives showed structural changes (increased activation) in the amygdala.)
A: increased activation in the amygdala.

Q: Individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) show marked reductions in the volume of several parts of the ________.
- amygdala (Incorrect. Although the amygdala can play a role, it is active with PTSD.)
- hypothalamus (Incorrect. The hypothalamus is affected but not in this way.)
- corpus callosum (Incorrect. The corpus callosum is the band of nerves that joins the two hemispheres of the brain.)
- hippocampus (Correct! Individuals suffering from PTSD show reductions in the volume of parts of the hippocampus.)
A: hippocampus

Q: ________ are culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable.
- Cultural emotive cues (Incorrect. Cultural emotive cues are only emotions expressed and can regulate how someone expresses emotions.)
- Facial feedback rules (Incorrect. Facial feedback rules indicate that facial expression can influence emotion.)
- Cultural norms (Incorrect. Cultural norms are the standards we live by.)
- Cultural display rules (Correct! Cultural display rules are described as culturally prescribed rules that people learn early on in their lives by interactions and socializations with other people.)
A: Cultural display rules

Q: The seven universal emotions are
- surprise, fear, anger, jealousy, contentment, calm, and happiness. (Incorrect. Although these are identified as emotions, they are not the seven universal emotions.)
- calm, happiness, sadness, fright, anger, love, and disgust. (Incorrect. Although these are identified as emotions, they are not the seven universal emotions.)
- patience, love, jealousy, disgust, happiness, embarrassment, and denial. (Incorrect. Although these are identified as emotions, they are not the seven universal emotions.)
- happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, and anger. (Correct! Happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, and anger are the seven universal emotions.)
A: happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, and anger.

Q: Emotional information is often conveyed through
- words. (Incorrect. Words can be emotional but there are other channels identified that are prominent.)
- body language and facial expressions. (Incorrect. Emotional information is often conveyed through facial expressions and body language but also through tone.)
- sleep patterns (Incorrect. Sleep patterns can be indicative of emotional concerns but not the primary form of expression.)
- tone, facial expressions, and body language. (Correct! Emotional information is often conveyed through multiple channels such as tone, facial expressions, and body language.)
A: tone, facial expressions, and body language.