Title: States of Consciousness
Course: Question Banks

Q: Leondra looks over her Algebra homework and says to herself “This looks hard. I know I can do it, but I probably need to plan extra time to work on it and make sure I understand it.” Leondra is exhibiting a
- fixed mindset (Incorrect. People with fixed mindsets tend to think of intelligence as something that we can’t really change (which, it turns out, is not correct). On the other hand, people with growth mindsets understand that any of us can be good at anything as long as we’re willing to put in the time to build our skillset in that area.)
- Type A mindset (Incorrect. While Leondra might or might not have a Type A personality, that isn't relevant to this situation.)
- static mindset (Incorrect.)
- growth mindset (Correct. People with growth mindsets understand that any of us can be good at anything as long as we’re willing to put in the time to build our skillset in that area.)
A: growth mindset

Q: Which of the following statements best represents a fixed mindset?
- It is possible to change your level of intelligence but you have to work at it. (Incorrect. This would represent a growth mindset. People with fixed mindsets don't think you can change your intelligence (which, it turns out, is not correct).)
- No question, it’s definitely possible to change how intelligent you are. (Incorrect. This would represent a growth mindset. People with fixed mindsets don't think you can change your intelligence (which, it turns out, is not correct).)
- You are born with a certain level of intelligence, and this isn’t something you can really change. (Correct. People with fixed mindsets don't think you can change your intelligence (which, it turns out, is not correct). On the other hand, people with growth mindsets understand that any of us can be good at anything as long as we’re willing to put in the time to build our skillset in that area.)
A: You are born with a certain level of intelligence, and this isn’t something you can really change.

Q: Which part of the brain plays a critical role in regulating homeostasis?
- pineal gland (Incorrect. The pineal gland helps regulate body rhythms and sleep cycles.)
- hippocampus (Incorrect. The hippocampus is found in the limbic system associated with emotion and memory.)
- corpus callosum (Incorrect. The corpus callosum is a band of nerves which connects the two hemispheres of the brain.)
- hypothalamus (Correct. The hypothalamus regulates many motives including thirst, hunger, and sex drive.)
A: hypothalamus

Q: The ________ gland in the endocrine system is important in releasing ________, which helps regulate biological rhythms.
- thyroid; testosterone (Incorrect. The thyroid is a gland that regulates metabolism.)
- circadian; melamine (Incorrect. Circadian rhythms regulate body and arousal state every 24 hours.)
- pituitary; dopamine (Incorrect. Pituitary gland is the master gland whose hormones influence other endocrine glands.)
- pineal; melatonin (Correct. The pineal gland system releases melatonin which regulates biological rhythms.)
A: pineal; melatonin

Q: Awareness of internal and external stimuli is
- wakefulness. (Incorrect. Wakefulness is the period when someone is not asleep.)
- circadian rhythm. (Incorrect. Circadian rhythm are changes in body functions and arousal levels that vary on a schedule approximating a 24 hour day.)
- cognition (Incorrect. Cognition is the process of thinking.)
- consciousness. (Correct. Consciousness is mental awareness.)
A: consciousness.

Q: A circadian rhythm is a biological clock that dictates fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature over roughly
- 1 month. (Incorrect.The circadian rhythm is a biological clock that fluctuates over a 24 hour period.)
- 1 year. (Incorrect.The circadian rhythm is a biological clock that fluctuates over a 24 hour period.)
- 24 months (Incorrect.The circadian rhythm is a biological clock that fluctuates over a 24 hour period.)
- 24 hours. (Correct.The circadian rhythm is a biological clock that fluctuates over a 24 hour period.)
A: 24 hours.

Q: Individual differences in circadian rhythms are known as a person’s
- melatonin schedule. (Incorrect. Melatonin hormone is released as a response to daily cycles of light and dark.)
- biological clock. (Incorrect. Biological clock is an innate mechanism that controls the physiological activities of an organism.)
- satiety signal (Incorrect.The internal signal that identifies when someone is full from a meal.)
- chronotype. (Correct. Chronotype is your own personal biological clock.)
A: chronotype.

Q: When internal circadian cycles do not align with the environment, the result is known as
- insomnia. (Incorrect. Insomnia is the inability to fall asleep or waking up during the night.)
- sleep deprivation. (Incorrect. Sleep deprivation is the condition of not getting enough sleep.)
- sleep debt (Incorrect. Sleep debt is the cumulative effect of not getting enough sleep.)
- jet lag. (Correct. Jet lag occurs when an individual's internal clock does not match their environment such as in traveling across time zones.)
A: jet lag.

Q: A major sleep disruption is ________, which refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis.
- jet lag (Incorrect. Jet lag occurs when an individual's internal clock does not match their environment such as in traveling across time zones.)
- insomnia (Incorrect. Insomnia is the inability to fall asleep or waking up during the night.)
- sleep debt (Incorrect. Sleep debt is the cumulative effect of not getting enough sleep.)
- rotating shift work (Correct. When work schedules change sleep disruptions can occur.)
A: rotating shift work

Q: Adults generally need ________ hours of sleep.
- 5-7 (Incorrect. 5-7 hours of sleep would be considered short sleep.)
- 6-8 (Incorrect. In general, 7-9 hours is a recommended amount of sleep for adults.)
- 10-12 (Incorrect. 7-9 hours of sleep is recommended for adults.)
- 7-9 (Correct. 7-9 hours of sleep is recommended for adults.)
A: 7-9

Q: Teenagers need ________ sleep than adults.
- Less (Incorrect. Teenagers have huge amounts of growth that require more sleep.)
- the same amount of (Incorrect. Teenagers have huge amounts of growth that require more sleep.)
- double the amount of (Incorrect. Although teenagers need more sleep than adults but double the amount would be too much.)
- more (Correct. Teenagers need more sleep than adults.)
A: more

Q: Which is the best explanation of how blindsight can happen?
- People with blindsight can see normally, but they are lying in order to get attention. (Incorrect. People who are legally blind report having blindsight.)
- The memory system has been damaged, so people with blindsight can report what they see, but then they forget that they saw it. (Incorrect. Blindness does not affect memory.)
- Blindsight is a psychological defense mechanism, caused by a self-protective need to deny visual information that might cause fear, anxiety, or shame. (Incorrect. Blindsight is not a defense mechanism.)
- Visual information from the eye is being processed unconsciously, so people with blindsight don’t know that they what they are visually processing. (Correct! Secondary pathways in the vision system mean that some blind people may process “vision” unconsciously.)
A: Visual information from the eye is being processed unconsciously, so people with blindsight don’t know that they what they are visually processing.

Q: What does blindsight reveal about unconsciousness?
- Vision is primarily a subconscious activity. (Incorrect. Some patients can unconsciously see some aspects of their visual environment.)
- Those with damage to the visual cortex see unconsciously through the auditory system instead. (Incorrect. Those with damage to the visual cortex do not use the auditory system.)
- While blindsight enables people to detect some subconscious visual cues, experiments have generally shown that people cannot accurately describe the things they “see.” (Incorrect. Individuals with blindsight are able to see but have no conscious awareness of them.)
- Vision can still take place in secondary visual pathways below the level of consciousness. (Correct. Patients with blindsight can see some aspects of their visual environments.)
A: Vision can still take place in secondary visual pathways below the level of consciousness.

Q: The ________ within the hypothalamus plays an important role in sleep-wake cycles.
- FSH (Incorrect. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) regulates the development, growth, and reproductive processes of the body.)
- LH (Incorrect. Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a hormone that triggers ovulation.)
- REM (Incorrect. Rapid Eye Movement (REM) is a phase of sleep activity in your brain.)
- SCN (Correct. Suprachiasmatic nucleus or nuclei (SCN) responsible for controlling circadian rhythms.)
A: SCN

Q: The pituitary gland secretes  ________ during sleep, which aids in maturation.
- melatonin (Incorrect. Melatonin is a natural hormone that helps maintain wake-sleep cycle.)
- a follicle stimulating hormone (Incorrect. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is an important part of the reproductive system.)
- serotonin (Incorrect. Serotonin is a hormone that transmits nerve cells throughout the body.)
- a growth hormone (Correct. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone during sleep.)
A: a growth hormone

Q: Which brain part is critical for regulating REM sleep?
- the pineal gland (Incorrect. The pineal gland produces melatonin.)
- the thalamus (Incorrect. The function of the thalamus is to regulate the body's voluntary motor control, consciousness and its sleep/wake cycle.)
- amygdala (Incorrect. The amygdala is a portion of the brain that has a role in memory, decision-making, and emotional responses.)
- the pons (Correct. The pons is part of the brainstem that conducts signals from the brain to the cerebellum and regulates the sleep/wake cycle.)
A: the pons

Q: The belief that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day is consistent with ________ theories about sleep.
- adaptive (Incorrect. Adaptive theory is a system’s ability to adjust itself based on what has occurred before.)
- cognitive (Incorrect. Cognitive theory is focused on the individual’s thoughts as the determinate of his or her emotions and behaviors and therefore personality.)
- behavioral (Incorrect. Behavioral theories try to explain human behavior.)
- evolutionary (Correct. Evolutionary theory of sleep suggests that periods of activity and inactivity evolved as a means of conserving energy.)
A: evolutionary

Q: ________ causes disruptions in cognition and memory deficits.
- Slow-wave sleep (Incorrect. Slow wave sleep occurs in Stages 3 and 4.)
- REM sleep (Incorrect.The stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement.)
- Sleep apnea (Incorrect. Sleep apnea is a disruption of breathing during sleep.)
- Sleep deprivation (Correct. Sleep deprivation can produce physiological and behavioral disturbances.)
A: Sleep deprivation

Q: Rita finds her roommate, McKenzie, asleep on the couch when she gets home. She’s amused to see that McKenzie’s eyes seem to be moving around under her eyelids. She is in which stage of sleep?
- stage 1 (Incorrect. Stage 1 is the first stage after you close your eyes.)
- stage 3 (Incorrect. Stage 3 is a deep stage of sleep.)
- wakefulness (Incorrect. Wakefulness is the time when you are alert and eyes open.)
- REM (Correct. Rapid eye movement (REM) is a deeper stage of sleep where you have eye movements.)
A: REM

Q: Scarlett has slept terribly the past 3 nights as some neighbors have had visitors in town and been up making noise all night long. When she finally does get to sleep again, it is likely that she will
- spend more time in stage 1 sleep. (Incorrect. Stage 1 is an early stage when you can awaken easily.)
- take more time to transition between stage 2 and stage 3 sleep. (Incorrect. Scarlett will transition normally through stages 2 & 3.)
- remember her dreams (Incorrect. Although she might remember her dreams, Scarlett will spend more time in REM sleep to allow her brain to recover.)
- spend more time in REM sleep. (Correct. REM will allow Scarlett to process thoughts, emotions, and stress.)
A: spend more time in REM sleep.

Q: Stage 1 sleep is characterized by ________ waves.
- Beta (Incorrect. Beta waves are associated with day to day wakefulness.)
- delta (Incorrect. Delta waves are found in Stage 3.)
- REM (Incorrect. REM sleep is the deepest phase of sleep.)
- alpha (Correct. Alpha waves are characteristic of stage 1 sleep.)
A: alpha

Q: Sleep spindles appear in ________ sleep.
- stage 1 (Incorrect. Sleep spindles appear in Stage 2.)
- stage 3 (Incorrect. Sleep spindles appear in Stage 2.)
- stage 4 (Incorrect Sleep spindles appear in Stage 2.)
- stage 2 (Correct. Sleep spindles appear in Stage 2.)
A: stage 2

Q: If Javier is in a deep sleep, an EEG would show his sleep as
- low frequency, low amplitude waves. (That’s incorrect. In deep sleep, delta waves occur. These are low frequency, high amplitude waves,)
- high frequency, high amplitude waves. (That’s incorrect. In deep sleep, delta waves occur. These are low frequency, high amplitude waves,)
- high frequency, low amplitude waves. (That’s incorrect. In deep sleep, delta waves occur. These are low frequency, high amplitude waves,)
- low frequency, high amplitude waves. (That’s correct! In deep sleep, delta waves occur. These are low frequency, high amplitude waves,)
A: low frequency, high amplitude waves.

Q: Jake is in a deep sleep, which is characterized by ________ waves.
- Theta (Incorrect. Theta waves occur during the first stage of sleep.)
- beta (Incorrect. Beta waves dominate our normal waking hours.)
- omega (Incorrect Deep sleep is characterized by delta waves.)
- delta (Correct. Delta waves occur during deep sleep.)
A: delta

Q: If you dream about your teeth falling out and your friend tells you it is really about anxiety over your new job, her interpretation represents the ________ content of your dream.
- Freudian (Incorrect. Although Freud’s theories played an important role in understanding dreams, the latent content is the symbolic meaning of a dream.)
- manifest (Incorrect. Manifest content is the actual content of a dream.)
- false (Incorrect. The hidden meaning of a dream is the latent content.)
- latent (Correct.The latent content is the symbolic/hidden meaning of a dream.)
A: latent

Q: ________ believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer.
- Carl Jung (Incorrect. Jung suggested dreams are working on integrating the conscious and unconscious lives.)
- Sigmund Freud (Incorrect. Freud emphasized the importance of the unconscious.)
- Abraham Maslow (Incorrect. Maslow created a scale of needs to describe the human condition.)
- Rosalind Cartwright (Correct. Cartwright believes that dreams modulate disturbances in emotion that are affecting the dreamers life.)
A: Rosalind Cartwright

Q: Which theory suggests that dreaming should be seen as an ancient biological defense mechanism?
- expectation-fulfillment theory (Incorrect. Expectation-fulfillment theory states that the function of dreams is to act out metaphorically discharged emotional arousals.)
- activation-synthesis theory (Incorrect. Activation-synthesis theory is a neurobiological explanation of dreams.)
- theory of relativity. (Incorrect. Theory of relativity emcompasses particles and their interactions.)
- threat-simulation theory (Correct. Threat-simulation theory states that dreaming is essentially an ancient biological defense mechanism.)
A: threat-simulation theory

Q: Which best fits the continual-activation theory of dreaming?
- Dreaming serves to discharge emotional arousals that haven’t been expressed during the day. (Incorrect. Expectation-fulfillment theory states that the prime function of dreams is to act out metaphoric emotional arousals that were not expressed during wakefulness.)
- Electrical brain impulses pull random thoughts and imagery from our memories. (Incorrect. Activation-synthesis theory offers a neurobiological explanation of dream development.)
- The function of the brain to trigger the heart to pump blood. (Incorrect. Continual-activation theory of dreaming states that both conscious and unconsciousness systems of working memory have to be continuing activated to maintain proper brain functioning.)
- The function of sleep is to process, encode, and transfer data from short-term memory to long-term memory. (Correct. Continual-activation theory of dreaming states that both conscious and unconsciousness systems of working memory have to be continuing activated to maintain proper brain functioning.)
A: The function of sleep is to process, encode, and transfer data from short-term memory to long-term memory.

Q: Cooper had a misunderstanding with a co-worker at the Megaplex. That night he dreamt about getting in a fight with him. Which theory of dreaming does that support?
- Electrical brain impulses pull random thoughts and imagery from our memories. (Incorrect. Expectation-fulfillment theory states that the prime function of dreams is to act out metaphoric emotional arousals that were not expressed during wakefulness.)
- The function of sleep is to process, encode, and transfer data from short-term memory to long-term memory. (Incorrect. Expectation-fulfillment theory states that the prime function of dreams is to act out metaphoric emotional arousals that were not expressed during wakefulness.)
- The function of REM sleep to activate. (Incorrect. Although important, REM sleep is a function of sleep, not a theory.)
- Dreaming serves to discharge emotional arousals that haven’t been expressed during the day. (Correct. Expectation-fulfillment theory states that the prime function of dreams is to act out metaphoric emotional arousals that were not expressed during wakefulness.)
A: Dreaming serves to discharge emotional arousals that haven’t been expressed during the day.

Q: ________ occur during NREM sleep and often involve screaming, though the individual doesn’t remember it in the morning.
- Insomnias (Incorrect. Insomnia is difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.)
- Sleep apneas (Incorrect. Sleep apnea is when breathing repeatedly stops and starts while sleeping.)
- Sleepwalking (Incorrect. Sleepwalking results in walking or performing other complex behaviors while asleep.)
- Night terrors (Correct. Nights terrors are episodes of screaming, intense fear, and flailing while still asleep though they are not remembered by the individual.)
A: Night terrors

Q: Which of the following describes parasomnia?
- Disorder characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least ten seconds during sleep. (Incorrect. Sleep apnea is when breathing repeatedly stops and starts while sleeping.)
- Persistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep. (Incorrect.Insomnia is difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.)
- Walking or performing other complex behaviors while asleep. (Incorrect. Sleepwalking results in walking or performing other complex behaviors while asleep.)
- Characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity during sleep. (Correct. Parasomnia is all “abnormal” things that occur during sleep.)
A: Characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity during sleep.

Q: Which of the following describes insomnia?
- Disorder characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least ten seconds during sleep. (Incorrect. Sleep apnea is when breathing repeatedly stops and starts while sleeping.)
- Extreme daytime sleepiness with frequent episodes of “nodding off”. (Incorrect. Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder that causes overwhelming daytime sleepiness.)
- The action of taking a sleep aid. (Incorrect. Insomnia is difficulty falling or staying asleep.)
- Persistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep. (Correct. Insomnia is difficulty falling or staying asleep.)
A: Persistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep.

Q: Which of the following describes sleep apnea?
- Extreme daytime sleepiness with frequent episodes of “nodding off”. (Incorrect.Narcolepsy is a disorder characterized by extreme daytime sleepiness with frequent episodes of nodding off.)
- Characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity during sleep. (Incorrect.Sleep apnea is characterized by pauses in breathing that can last 10 seconds during sleep.)
- Restless legs while sleeping. (Incorrect. Sleep apnea is characterized by pauses in breathing that can last 10 seconds during sleep.)
- Disorder characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least ten seconds during sleep. (Correct. Sleep apnea is characterized by pauses in breathing that can last 10 seconds during sleep.)
A: Disorder characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least ten seconds during sleep.

Q: If Bryan’s airway gets blocked while he sleeps, he probably has
- Narcolepsy (Incorrect. Narcolepsy is a disorder characterized by extreme daytime sleepiness with frequent episodes of nodding off.)
- central sleep apnea (Incorrect. CSA is a disorder in which the effort to breathe is diminished or absent typically for 10-30 seconds.)
- Insomnia (Incorrect. Insomnia is sometimes referred to as sleeplessness, as it causes persistent difficulty with falling or staying asleep.)
- obstructive sleep apnea (Correct. Obstructive sleep apnea happens when something partly or completely blocks your upper airway.)
A: obstructive sleep apnea

Q: After drinking casually for a few years, Eric finds that he needs more and more alcohol in order to get a “buzz.” This is an example of
- dependence. (Incorrect. Physical and psychological are an emotional and physical desire for the substance.)
- withdrawal. (Incorrect. Withdrawal symptoms are a physical illness and discomfort following the withdrawal of a drug.)
- abstinence (Incorrect. Abstinence is restraining oneself from indulging.)
- tolerance. (Correct! Tolerance is a reduction in the body’s response to a drug which requires more of the drug to get a desired response.)
A: tolerance.

Q: If a person has an emotional need for a drug, they probably have a ________.
- physical dependence (Incorrect. Physical dependence is indicated by the presence of drug tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.)
- tolerance. (Incorrect. Tolerance is a reduction in the body’s response to a drug.)
- withdrawal symptoms (Incorrect. Withdrawal symptoms are a physical illness and discomfort following the withdrawal of a drug.)
- psychological dependence (Correct! Psychological dependence is dependence based primarily on emotional needs.)
A: psychological dependence

Q: ________ makes overcoming a substance abuse disorder particularly painful.
- Dependence (Incorrect. Dependence can be powerful but withdrawal symptoms are particularly painful.)
- Tolerance (Incorrect. Tolerance is a reduced response to a drug.)
- Access to drugs (Incorrect. Withdrawal symptoms make overcoming a substance abuse disorder particularly painful.)
- Withdrawal (Correct! Withdrawal symptoms can cause violent flu-like symptoms.)
A: Withdrawal

Q: A person with substance abuse disorder would be diagnosed with which of the following?
- using more of a drug than they want to, an inability to resist the drug, and desire to experiment with stronger drugs (Incorrect. A person with a substance abuse disorder is someone whose drug or alcohol use is more than they mean to do and a desire to cut down use.)
- compulsive, uninhibited drug use, a desire to quit but an inability to do so, and negative life consequences they wish they could control (Incorrect. A person with a substance abuse disorder is someone whose drug or alcohol use is more than they mean to do and a desire to cut down use.)
- experimental, short-term drug or alcohol use. (Incorrect. A person with a substance abuse disorder is someone whose drug or alcohol use is more than they mean to do and a desire to cut down use.)
- using more of a drug than they want to, compulsive drug use, and dependence despite negative consequences (Correct! A person with a substance abuse disorder is someone who has lost control over drug use.)
A: using more of a drug than they want to, compulsive drug use, and dependence despite negative consequences

Q: ________ is considered a depressant because it suppresses central nervous activity.
- Opium (Incorrect. Alcohol is a depressant that suppresses central nervous activity.)
- Cocaine (Incorrect. Alcohol is a depressant that suppresses central nervous activity.)
- Marijuana (Incorrect. Alcohol is a depressant that suppresses central nervous activity.)
- Alcohol (Correct. Alcohol is a depressant that suppresses central nervous activity.)
A: Alcohol

Q: Depressants are ________ of the GABA neurotransmitter, which has a quieting effect on the brain.
- antagonists (Incorrect. Antagonists are a substance which blocks the action of an agonist.)
- inhibitors (Incorrect. An inhibitor is a substance which slows down or prevents a particular chemical reaction.)
- stimulants (Incorrect. A stimulant is a substance that raises levels of physiological or nervous activity in the brain.)
- agonists (Correct! Agonists are a substance which initiates a physiological response to a receptor.)
A: agonists

Q: ________ increase overall levels of neural activity.
- Antipsychotics (Incorrect. Antipsychotics are tranquilizers.)
- Depressants (Incorrect. Depressants reduce arousal in various areas of the brain.)
- Hallucinogen (Incorrect. Hallucinogens are a psychoactive agent.)
- Stimulants (Correct. Stimulants increases levels of neural activity.)
A: Stimulants

Q: Most stimulants are ________ for the neurotransmitter dopamine.
- Antagonists (Incorrect. Stimulants are agonists (which initiate) the neurotransmitter dopamine.)
- inhibitors (Incorrect. Stimulants are agonists (which initiate) the neurotransmitter dopamine.)
- blocks (Incorrect.Stimulants are agonists (which initiate) the neurotransmitter dopamine.)
- agonists (Correct. Stimulants are agonists (which initiate) the neurotransmitter dopamine.)
A: agonists

Q: What is the most commonly used stimulant in the world?
- nicotine (Incorrect. Caffeine is the most commonly used stimulant in the world.)
- amphetamine (Incorrect. Caffeine is the most commonly used stimulant in the world)
- marijuana (Incorrect. Caffeine is the most commonly used stimulant in the world)
- caffeine (Correct! Caffeine is the most commonly used stimulant in the world.)
A: caffeine

Q: Stimulants include
- alcohol and marijuana. (Incorrect. Nicotine and cocaine are both classified as stimulants.)
- LSD and methamphetamine. (Incorrect. Nicotine and cocaine are both classified as stimulants.)
- aspirin and codeine. (Incorrect. Nicotine and cocaine are both classified as stimulants.)
- nicotine and cocaine. (Correct. Nicotine and cocaine are both classified as stimulants.)
A: nicotine and cocaine.

Q: ________ is highly addictive and is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers.
- Methamphetamine (Incorrect. Nicotine is the main cause for the dependence-forming properties of tobacco use, and tobacco use is a major health threat.)
- Caffeine (Incorrect. Nicotine is the main cause for the dependence-forming properties of tobacco use, and tobacco use is a major health threat.)
- LSD (Incorrect. Nicotine is the main cause for the dependence-forming properties of tobacco use, and tobacco use is a major health threat.)
- Nicotine (Correct. Nicotine is the main cause for the dependence-forming properties of tobacco use, and tobacco use is a major health threat.)
A: Nicotine

Q: Our bodies naturally produce ________ to reduce pain and produce euphoria.
- amphetamine (Incorrect. Opioids are drugs that mimic natural painkillers in the body.)
- dopamine (Incorrect. Opioids are drugs that mimic natural painkillers in the body.)
- caffeine (Incorrect. Opioids are drugs that mimic natural painkillers in the body.)
- opioids (Correct! Opioids are narcotics that act on opioid receptors that mimic natural painkillers in the body.)
A: opioids

Q: ________ is sometimes administered as a way for people to overcome heroin addictions.
- Codeine (Incorrect. Methadone is used to prevent withdrawal symptoms in patients who were addicted to opiate drugs.)
- Cough suppressant (Incorrect. Methadone is used to prevent withdrawal symptoms in patients who were addicted to opiate drugs.)
- Caffeine (Incorrect. Methadone is used to prevent withdrawal symptoms in patients who were addicted to opiate drugs.)
- Methadone (Correct. Methadone is used to prevent withdrawal symptoms in patients who were addicted to opiate drugs.)
A: Methadone

Q: ________ is the major opioid drug of abuse.
- Codeine (Incorrect. Codeine is a pain reliever used to treat mild to moderate pain.)
- Cocaine (Incorrect. Cocaine is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug. Mental effects may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of happiness, or agitation.)
- Marijuana (Incorrect. Heroin is an opioid most commonly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects.)
- Heroin (Correct. Heroin is an opioid most commonly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects.)
A: Heroin

Q: Which are most likely to cause altered sensory and perceptual experiences?
- depressants (Incorrect. Depressants decrease activity in the body.)
- Stimulants (Incorrect. Stimulants increase activity in the body.)
- aspirin (Incorrect. Aspirin reduces fever, pain, and inflammation)
- hallucinogens (Incorrect. Hallucinogens are a substance that alters or distorts sensory impressions.)
A: hallucinogens

Q: John ate something at a party and afterwards saw bright colors on the wall and had a strange sensation that he had turned into an ant and that the people around him were huge. John probably consumed
- caffeine (Incorrect. Marijuana contains over 80 cannabinoids which may also be psychoactive.)
- cocaine (Incorrect. Marijuana contains over 80 cannabinoids which may also be psychoactive.)
- aspirin (Incorrect. Marijuana contains over 80 cannabinoids which may also be psychoactive whereas aspirin has few side effects.)
- marijuana (Correct. Marijuana contains over 80 cannabinoids which may also be psychoactive.)
A: marijuana

Q: ________ neurotransmitters are mostly impacted by hallucinogens.
- Dopamine (Incorrect. Hallucinogens affect dopamine and several other neurotransmitters.)
- GABA (Incorrect.Various neurotransmitters are impacted by hallucinogens.)
- serotonin (Incorrect. Hallucinogens affect serotonin and several other neurotransmitters.)
- Various (Correct. Hallucinogens affect multiple areas of the brain.)
A: Various

Q: Which are the main categories of psychoactive drugs?
- Stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, illegal drugs (That's incorrect. The four primary classes of psychoactive drugs are stimulants, depressants, opioids, and hallucinogens.)
- Stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, over-the-counter drugs (That's incorrect. The four primary classes of psychoactive drugs are stimulants, depressants, opioids, and hallucinogens.)
- Stimulants, depressants, caffeine, hallucinogens (That's incorrect. The four primary classes of psychoactive drugs are stimulants, depressants, opioids, and hallucinogens.)
- Stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, opioids (That's correct! The four primary classes of psychoactive drugs are stimulants, depressants, opioids, and hallucinogens.)
A: Stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, opioids

Q: Alcohol and barbiturates are examples of
- Stimulants. (Incorrect. Alcohol and barbiturates are examples of depressants.)
- hallucinogens. (Incorrect. Alcohol and barbiturates are examples of depressants)
- identity crisis (Incorrect. Alcohol and barbiturates are examples of depressants)
- depressants. (Correct. Alcohol and barbiturates are examples of depressants.)
A: depressants.

Q: Which category of drugs mimic endogenous pain-killing systems within the body?
- depressants (Incorrect. Depressants reduce arousal or stimulation.)
- stimulants (Incorrect. Stimulants are a substance that raises levels of physiological or nervous activity in the brain.)
- neurotransmitters (Incorrect. Neurotransmitters is a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve.)
- opiates (Correct. Opiates mimic endogenous pain-killing systems within the body.)
A: opiates

Q: Which theory of hypnosis suggests that people are performing the role of a hypnotized person?
- dissociation view (Incorrect. Dissociation theory states hypnosis is a special altered state of awareness.)
- expectation-role theory (Incorrect. Expectation-role theory is the actual behavior or expectations of behavior of an individual occupying a role.)
- theory of relativity (Incorrect. Theory of relativity has to do with the laws of physics.)
- social-cognitive theory (Correct. Social-cognitive theory posits people are acting as they do because of social expectations of how a hypnotized person should behave)
A: social-cognitive theory

Q: While Julie was hypnotized, she acknowledged the fact that her arm was in ice water and knew that it should hurt, but didn’t actually feel pain. Which theory of hypnosis does this support?
- social-cognitive theory (Incorrect. Social-cognitive theory posits people learn from observing others)
- expectation-role theory (Incorrect. Expectation-role theory is the actual behavior or expectations of behavior of an individual occupying a role.)
- token economy (Incorrect. Token economy is based on the reinforcement of targeted behaviors.)
- dissociation view (Correct. Dissociation causes a lack of connection in a person’s thoughts, memory, and sense of identity.)
A: dissociation view

Q: Keesha finds it helpful to unwind at the end of the day by practicing meditation. This is defined as
- the process of clearing the mind in order to alter consciousness. (Incorrect. Meditation produces relaxation.)
- the practice of focusing on a single external stimuli in order to calm the senses. (Incorrect. Meditation is a mental exercise for producing relaxation.)
- relaxing her mind and her body. (Incorrect. Although the outcome of meditation is relaxing mind and body, the act itself is focusing on clearing the mind.)
- the act of focusing on a single target to increase awareness of the moment. (Correct. Meditation is the act of focusing on a single target to increase awareness.)
A: the act of focusing on a single target to increase awareness of the moment.